Physiology and Anatomy

Any unaccustomed activity especially eccentric exercises leads to features like pain, oedema lack of strength and range of motion in corresponding joints and muscles. These features typically start 8-12 hrs following activity, peaking between 24-48 hrs and lasting 96 hrs or beyond 96 hrs post activity. This phenomenon is called Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and is also known as muscle fever. It was first explained by Theodre Hough(1905) and since then new theories have been postulated to understand it. Physiotherapy is one of the major main stays of its management. Even though pharmacological agents have been researched on efficacy is not well established .Physiotherapy management includes many interventions like cryotherapy, thermotherapy, stretching, exercises, electrical currents, Soft tissue massage. This review is humble attempt to understand the basic mechanisms underlying delayed onset muscle soreness and its management with special emphasis on physiotherapy management.

Platelets play important physiological role in blood and participate primarily in thrombosis and hemostasis. However, they are highly activated in case of obesity and therefore contribute to the thrombosis and hemostasis. Obesity and MtS result into the thrombosis and hemostasis. Thus this work studies about how these adipokines and cytokines affect the platelets activity in obesity could help us in developing precise intervention to counter the obesity related vascular insufficiency.

Tobacco use is the leading cause of mortality all over the world. Smokeless tobacco contains higher quantities of nicotine than most cigarettes. Over the past few decades the use of tobacco among women of reproductive ages has increased. Exposure to the toxins present in the tobacco interferes with the endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis and uterine blood flow. 30 adult female Swiss albino rats were randomly selected. They were divided into three groups (n=10 each). Group A was kept as control. Experimental groups B&C consisted of rats which were given 5 % & 10% of smokeless tobacco in their feed respectively. Feed and water were given ad libitum. On 31stday the animals were sacrificed. Uterus of all the animals were removed and weighed. The tissues were processed for histological examination under light microscopy using H & E and Trichrome stains. A significant decrease in the weight of the uterus was observed (P value ? 0.001). The histological changes in the uterus of experimental groups revealed severe cystically dilated sub mucosal glands. Endometrial glands also showed marked atrophy (P value ? 0.001). From this study it can be concluded that the smokeless form of tobacco causes adverse effects on the endometrium of the female Swiss albino rats. Long term use of this form of tobacco may lead to adverse reproductive outcomes or other pathological conditions of uterus.

The Madarsa system of education has been an important institution for education in India. However, the relevance of the system to import education as per the changing needs of the society has been still a debate topic in India. The majority of the Muslim girls are illiterate and low educated while their living conditions are poor. Moreover, most of the Muslim families cannot afford modern education and thus they are forced to send their wards to traditional educational institutions where fee charges are normal or free education is being provided. Which also correlates imdirectly to their quality of life. The government has realize the weakness of the system in terms of expediently to provide education to Muslim children which relevant from day to day needs of the society as result government has initiative Madrasa modernization programme. Many Scholorship and fellowship programmes have been redesigned to bring it at par with mainstream educational system in the country. Scholarships to the students of Madrasas are being provided to enhance their goodself. In the light of these facts the present study is designed to explore the impact of financial aid as scholarships on educational attainment & quality of life amongst muslim adolescent girls in Madrasas. The present study is empirical in nature and based on mainly primary data. The field survey has been conducted in 3 districts of Uttar Pradesh. The sample covers Gonda, Rampur and Aligarh districts from Uttar Pradesh. In each Institution 15 scholarship awarded students have been randomly selected and interviewed. The sample size includes 3 districts, 20 Institutions and 300 adolescent girls. Our survey highlights that the scholarships significantly affect the educational attainment and their quality of life. Government tried their best to enhance the educational standard of Muslim girls. For this purpose government initiated scholarship programmes to uplift the status of Muslim adolescent girls in the society.

Parkinson disease (PD) is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compact, whose diagnosis is based on the presence of a hard-bradicinetic syndrome, resting tremor, postural instability, akinesia and festination gait. This study aimed to investigate, from functional activity tests, postural stability and balance of patients with PD. The sample comprised 34 volunteers, divided into two groups, Parkinson Group, composed of 17 patients with clinical diagnosis of idiopathic PD and Control Group with 17 healthy subjects without musculoskeletal disturbances. Balance and postural stability were assessed in both groups by using functional activity tests: Figure 8 test, Timed Up and Go test, sit and lift, bearings, Turning 360º, Functional Reach Test and Berg Balance Scale. The mean age of Parkinson Group and Control Group was respectively 64.11±10.7 and 60.47±8.53 (p=.42). Control Group obtained better results in the performance of tests: Figure 8 (p=.0003), Timed Up and Go (p=.0001), bearing (p=.0002), Functional Reach Test (p=.029) and Berg Balance Scale (p=.0001) between the groups. The outcomes of this study confirm that both balance impaired and loss of mobility are among the main consequences of PD.

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione dismutase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSSH) in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. Study Design: Case control study Place & Duration: Department of Medicine, Jinnah Post Graduate and Medical Centre, JPMC, Karachi from October 2013 to February 2014 Subjects & Methods: 50 normal adult controls and 70 newly diagnosed T2DM were included as per criteria. Blood samples were collected for analysis of blood glucose; HbA1c, MDA, SOD, GPX, CAT and GSSH. SPSS 21.0 was used for data analysis (p- ? 0.05). Results: MDA was significantly elevated in diabetics 5.9 ± 1.9 compared to controls 4.7± 2.8 µmol/ml respectively (p=0.01) and anti oxidant enzymes- SOD, GPX, CAT and GSSH were reduced in diabetics compared to controls (p=0.0001) Glycated HbA1c and Blood glucose (R) showed positive association with MDA (r = 0.355 and p= 0.026). Conclusion: The serum MDA levels were observed significantly high in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics with low anti oxidant enzymes. Antioxidants may be prescribed to newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics to halt the vascular complications. Key words: Malondialdehyde Superoxide dismutase Glutathione peroxidase Catalase Glycated HbA1 Type 2 Diabetes mellitus

Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly. There are very few documented cases of adults presenting with bladder exstrophy in literature as well as its management which is poor and limited to retrospective studies of small number of cases. Malignant potential of the exstrophied bladder mucosa is well known. Sixty percent of cancers in ectopic bladder occur during fourth and fifth decade of life, majority being adenocarcinoma. This disorder is not only a psychological, social and professional handicap in adults but surgical difficulties also top-up its particular aspect owing to difficulty in parietal closure with frequent use of osteotomy, and rare chances of bladder preservation. We report herein a case of squamous cell carcinoma of exstrophied bladder in a 34-year-old male patient whom due to poor response neoadjuvant chemotherapy underwent radical cystoprostatectomy, urinary diversion with a cutaneous ureterostomy and reconstruction of hypogastric region. He is on a frequent follow up. The case is being reported on account of its rarity. Pertinent literature is being reviewed.

To evaluate the effectiveness of modulated frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on relieving pain after abdominal surgery. The study population was those who underwent abdominal surgery. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups (treated with frequency modulated TENS and placebo TENS). Both the groups were treated with the usual analgesic routine. The subjects received the treatments for 30 minutes at every time and each subject will be assessed 5 consecutive days. Per day the subject received treatment twice daily after 4 and 8 hours of post surgery. Pain was evaluated using a standard 11-point visual analog scale (VAS) before the application of TENS and after application of TENS (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120) post operative hours. The study population comprised of 60 subjects aged between 25 to 50 years. To evaluate the effectiveness of modulated frequency VAS was measured five times and compared between the experimental and control group. There was a difference in median pain score over a period of time (P < 0.001) between the groups expect at base line (P = 0.854). This study revealed that there was a relief in pain between the subjects over a short span of time. Hence the TENS after abdominal surgery is beneficial for the subjects with abdominal surgery incision. Since, the treatment has no observable side effects, and the pain-reducing effect persisted for 5 days, it is advisable for the subjects.

Ocular complications are common manifestations in HIV/AIDS patients. Cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV-R) and Herpes zoster opthalmicus are the two most common ocular complications. With the advent of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), CMV-R has declined considerably in the western world, but it is still possesses a major challenge in developing countries with significant ocular morbidity. CMV-R usually involves anterior segment and retina, manifesting as confluent retinal necrosis with haemorrhage, granular lesion, and frosted branch angiitis. The clinical picture of HIV-associated eye disease has changed dramatically since the introduction of HAART. It can lead to severe complications at times like rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and vision loss. Management of CMV Retinitis is more challenging and continuously evolving with time. Currently available effective anti-CMV pharmacological agents include injectable ganciclovir, its prodrug valganciclovir, and foscarnet. Surgical management of the complications include various approaches like pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with gas or high viscosity silicone oil tamponad, scleral buckling and laser photocoagulation. Because of the varied clinical presentation and difficult course, CMV-R has established itself as the major determinant of visual morbidity in HIV/AIDS patients. Therefore with the introduction of newer screening methods and routine ocular examination in high risk groups, we can significantly reduce the burden of disease, severe ocular complications and ocular morbidity.

The skin biopsy is an important diagnostic tool in dermatology because it establishes a definite diagnosis and also monitors the therapy in many systemic diseases. The microscopic features involving superficial inflammatory dermatitis are very similar, but treatment varies, hence the diagnosis of the skin biopsy requires meticulous, clinical and histopathological work up. One hundred and fifty one consecutive skin biopsy specimens where a superficial inflammatory dermatosis has been queried by Dermatologists are reviewed. The lesions of superficial inflammatory dermatosis are classified based on the integration of different morphological features into three types of tissue reactions ie. Spongiotic dermatitis, lichenoid dermatitis and psoriasiform dermatitis. Histopathological diagnosis is concluded after coorelating with clinical features, which either confirms, contributes or noncontributory to the clinical diagnosis. The study revealed that the Psoriasiform Dermatitis is the most frequently encountered about 46.0%, followed by the lichenoid Dermatitis 27.2% and Spongiotic Dermatitis 16.6%. The clinico-histopathological discrepancy between few cases like Dermatitis Herpetiformis & Prurigo Simplex, Polymorphous light eruption & Leprosy, Hypertrophied Lichen Planus & Prurigo nodularis, Mycosis Fungoides & Exfoliative Dermatosis is discussed in detail. Correlation of the histopathological diagnosis with clinical diagnosis is seen in 95.6% cases of Psoriasiform Dermatitis, 92.87% cases of Lichenoid Dermatitis and in 92.3% of cases of Spongiotic Dermatitis. The present study also contributed that the histopathological diagnosis is confirmatory, diagnostic or non-contributory in 90.6%, 4.6% and 4.8% cases respectively to the clinical diagnosis. This article thus emphasizes the importance and utility of classification of superficial inflammatory dermatosis. The data showed the distribution of the lesions in three categories was helpful in reducing the number of inconclusive biopsies.