Physiology and Anatomy

Cryptorchidism is the most common defect of the male urogenital tract at birth. It signifies a risk factor for primitive testiculopathy associated with long-term complications (infertility, testicular neoplasia, and hormonal changes). It may appear as an isolated disorder or can be a consequence of genetic and endocrine abnormalities connected with somatic anomalies. Its genetic relation still seems to be indistinct although a choice of genes can be answerable for the growth of this syndrome. Cryptorchidism can be related with serum testosterone level though the co-existing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism may also designate the association of pituitary hormones.

The aim of this study is to know if relaxation has immediate effect on hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary functions in normal healthy individuals. 34 of 40 participants were selected after screening. These participants were divided in two groups, group A: music therapy, group B: Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation. After an interval of 5 days, the participants were given the other intervention respectively. The participant’s hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary functions were noted immediately before and after the session. The study was conducted in the department of Cardio respiratory physiotherapy, College of Physiotherapy, PIMS, Loni. India. 34 of 40 normal healthy participants entered the study and 30 completed it. Relaxation was given by two techniques, music therapy in which the participant was made to listen to Indian classical instrumental music for 20 minutes. Another technique used was Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation for 20 minutes. Outcome measures were noted pre and post session. The primary outcome measures were hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary function. The secondary outcome measure was to find participant’s preference of relaxation technique based on their experience. The hemodynamic parameters improved considerably after music therapy but the pulmonary functions improved better with Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation. The participants rated music therapy more preferable than Jacobson’s progressive muscle relaxation. Relaxation has immediate effect on hemodynamic parameters and pulmonary functions. Relaxation particularly music therapy (Classical Indian instrumental music) can be made a routine activity in normal healthy individuals.

Identification of sex of an unknown individual from the skeletal remains is the first and the most important step encountered by the forensic experts and archiologists. The hip bone is considered as an ideal bone for sex determination as it provides the highest accuracy levels. Many workers have studied various metric parameters for sexing of hip bone. The present study was done with an aim to find out the sex of hip bone using various parameters of greater sciatic notch. For this purpose, 100 dry hip bones were collected from the Department of Anatomy, VIMS, Bellary. Seven different parameters of the greater sciatic notch were used for the study: Maximum width, Maximum depth, Posterior segment, Index I, Index II, Total angle and Posterior angle. All the parameters (especially posterior segment, posterior angle and index II) were found to be highly indicative of sex hip bone by t- test (p<0.005) except the depth.

A plea is made for the recognition of a disorder of the colon, commonly encountered in the elderly, which is characterized by elongation (and also by dilatation) of the colon, especially the sigmoid. It may give rise to symptoms which suggest a diagnosis of carcinoma. The condition is believed to be acquired, and is an important aetiological factor in the development of sigmoid and, less frequently, of caecal volvulus. Three main colonic transfer forms were identified: slow transit in the proximal colon (STC), normal proximal colonic transit with anorectal retention (NT-AR), and rapid proximal transit ± anorectal retention (RT)

The congenital abnormalities of the aortic arch derived vascular and ligamentous structures are vascular rings. They encircle trachea and esophagus at variant degrees which results in respiratory or feeding difficulties in children. An abnormality of pulmonary arterial system results in airway compression is known as a sling. CT gives excellent spatial and temporal resolution coma a wide field of view, multi planner reconstruction capabilities and simultaneous evaluation of the airway. A brief discussion of the embryology of the branch vessels and aorta is followed by discussions and illustrations of some uncommon and common vascular rings with critical informations required by surgeons.

Renal agenesis is a congenital birth defect in which an infant is born missing one or both kidneys. The cause of renal agenesis is not known, though some cases result from inherited mutated genes. Babies with one kidney are often able to live and lead normal lives with ongoing tests and treatment. Those with no kidneys need long-term dialysis to survive.

The growth of the aorta and its major branches are from six pairs of branchial arches, which, throughout the fourth week of pregnancy, combine the primitive ventral and dorsal aortas in the embryo. The right-sided aortic is identified when the aortic arch courses to the right of the trachea. When this happens, there is interchanging of the descending aorta and ascending aorta to the right and left respectively. In abnormal condition it can be interruption dorsal segment which may result in any of the three types of right-sided aortic arch. In anomalies which are diagnosed earlier can result in the management of the condition

Purpose:- The study targeted the evaluation the effect of hemodialysis on blood glucose in renal failure patients at Shendi town in Sudan during(January–February) 2013. Objectives:- General Objective: To estimate blood glucose level pre and post hemodialysis. Specific Objective: 1. To identify the blood glucose level pre and post hemodialysis. 2. To identify the effect of duration of hemodialysis. 3. To identify the risk factors that cause hypoglycemia during hemodialysis. 4. To identify the people prone to hypoglycemia during hemodialysis.. Methods: Study design: Across sectional descriptive study, conducted at Shendi town during the period from March to May 2015 that aimed to estimate blood glucose in renal failure pre and post dialysis. Study area: The study was done at Shendi town which is located in the north of Sudan and north of the capital Khartoum located about 173km and covering area about 30km. Study population sampling: A total of 30 sample pre dialysis, and 30 sample post dialysis was collected from renal failure patients in hospital. Data collection tools: Information from dialysis patients were collected in performed questionnaire. collection technique: 2.5 ml of fresh venous blood was collected from each patient pre and post dialysis in fluoride oxalate container for determination of glucose level. method used: For the quantitative determination of glucose in serum and plasma Glucose oxidase method was used. Results: The statistical analysis of the results showed that the mean of glucose is lower in post hemodialysis (84.5)mg/dl. While the mean of glucose in pre hemodialysis (117.8)mg/dl .The P value is 0.000 which means that there is a highly significant variation between pre and post , where the values are high in post, and this agrees with Study done by Miho Senda et entitled(The strong relation between post –hemodialysis blood methylglyoxal levels and post-hemodialysis blood glucose concentration rise ,Clinical and Experimental Nephrology,20 Aug 2014 Conclusion: From this research we concluded that the level of blood glucose in renal failure patients is decrease post hemodialysis, which means there is a clear effect of hemodialysis on blood glucose level.

Mullerian abnormalities are made of a group of different congenital anomalies of the female genital system. The aim of this article is to juxtapose the normal development of the uterus with the abnormal development so a clear understanding of the cause of congenital anomalies of the uterus can be generated and correlated with the clinical significance.

Double aortic arch is class of congenital anomalies caused by a chromosome band 22q11 deletion, which are often referred to CATCH-22 syndrome or chromosome band 22q11 deletion syndrome using the unified terms. it is responsible for formation of Double aortic arch ,both right and left aortic arch arise from the ascending aorta common form of complete vascular ring, encircling both the esophagus and trachea are compressed by the aortic arches and their derivatives, resulting in non-cardiac morbidity. This study aimed to through an insight on the embryological basis, its clinical and surgical implications on the double arch aorta.