Physiology and Anatomy

Immunization is an important public health intervention aimed at reducing child mortality and morbidity in line with the fourth goal of the Millennium Development Goals. It is an important means for controlling six vaccine-preventable diseases, namely, Tuberculosis, Diphtheria, Whooping cough, Tetanus, Polio, and Measles. World Health Organization recommends that all children should receive full immunization by the age of two years to boost their immunity. Although immunization coverage has improved significantly over the past four decades, about one-fifth of the world?s children still fail to receive full doses of the standard antigens, majority of who are natives of the African region. In Somalia, empirical studies on immunization coverage do not provide detailed information about immunization coverage and key determinants at the community level and within specific groups such as pastoralists. The main objective of this study was to determine barriers to full immunization coverage among under-five years children within Benadir region. The study applied a cross-sectional survey design, with both quantitative and qualitative methods. Primary data will was sourced from under-five children, service providers in selected health facilities, public health officers and community health workers. A mixture of probability and non-probability sampling procedures were applied to select participants in each category. Fisher?s formula for sample size determination from large populations will be used to select a representative sample of the under five years children. The study applied a survey questionnaire with both closed and open-ended questions, as well as Focus Group Discussion and Key Informant Interview guides. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were applied to process, analyze, and interpret the data.

A 71-year-old patient with no past medical history consulted for the management of acute urinary retention. His PSA level was 87 ng/mg. A prostate biopsy revealed xanthogranulomatous prostatitis. Our case aims to discuss the epidemiological, clinical, histopathological and therapeutic characteristics of this rare disease which is a difficult differential diagnosis with other prostatic lesions.

Malnutrition is defined as a lack of proper nutrition. The vast majority of the world?s hungry people live in developing countries, where 12.9 percent of the population are undernourished. It is prevalent in children particularly those in developing countries where one person out every four there is undernourished (FAO, 2015). Mortality is related to the severity of the malnutrition (WHO, 2008). In Somalia, child malnutrition remains a major health problem where the proportion of under-five children who were underweight in 2013 was 40% and 21% in rural and urban areas respectively (UNICEF, 2014). The purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of malnutrition among children under five years in SOS Hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia. The study comprised of a cross-sectional hospital survey. The study population constituted children who were diagnosed as malnutrition cases at SOS Hospital in Mogadishu. The probability systematic random sampling technique was used and the sample size was constitute 384 malnutrition patients. A semi structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS software to describe and identify significant associations between different variables. Descriptive summary statistics and graphical summaries in tables and charts were used to present the study findings.

Penile lymphoma is an extremely rare neoplasm. We report the case of a 68 -year-old man who presented with penile masse. MRI confirmed the existence of a masse infiltrating the corpus cavernosum. Staging was performed using fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). The patient was treated initially with penile amputation; we confirmed malignant lymphoma of the corpus cavernosum by postoperative pathological examinations. We treated with a systemic rituximab-chemotherapy regimen. The patient was tumour-free at the 18-month follow-up.

Blood group typing is being considered vital and has always been the primary procedure to be followed in the study of forensic serology. Using this method the same fiber/cloth piece can be used several times to obtain the similar results. This technique now reduces the time cost and effort that was put into it earlier. With “ABO blood stain typing by Forwarding and Reversing Method of Absorption-Elution Technique” different concentrations of blood, packed cells obtained from different people and different batches of anti-sera to can be used to draw to concrete results. Blood stained cloth/fiber samples obtained from 18 different cases were used for ABO typing and the procedure was repeated 7-10 times for same sample with Forwarding and Reversing Absorption-Elution technique. All cloth/fiber samples yielded the consistent results even after several repeated trials.

Sickle cell haemoglobin is a very widespread in the world, constituting the most common hereditary disease. The evolution is enamelled of many complications including bone-joints, favoured by the emergence of new treatments improving the survival of these patients. The aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head is common in these patients. Was retrospectively analysed a monitored and treated in the service of trauma and orthopaedic of the Ibn Sina’s hospital in Rabat , 04 patients with sickle cell disease, who has submitted an aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. It is 02 women and 02 men. The average age was 31 years. They had all consulted for hip pain and discomfort to walking. The clinical examination had found a limitation of movements. All our patients have benefited from a standard x-ray. Stage 3 Ficat is present in 2 cases and 4 stages in 2 cases also. MRI was carried out in a single patient. The operated hips have all received a total hip joint replacement, with satisfactory results in all cases. The aseptic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in the sickle cell disease is very debilitating, of fact the young age of onset and the late diagnosis.

This study investigated the effects of an 8 – week supervised circuit training program with moderate intensity on the fasting blood glucose level of NIDDM patients of sedentary lifestyle over conventional oral therapy medications. 40 NIDDM patients aged 35-55 years volunteered for the study. Subjects were randomly assigned into exercise and diet group (n = 20) and conventional oral therapy group (n = 20). The exercise and diet group received 60 minutes of supervised circuit training thrice a week for 8 weeks along with a prescribed diet control. Subjects in the other group were only on conventional oral therapy medications. Measurements were taken on 1st, 30th, and 60th day which include fasting blood glucose level. The results showed a very highly significant (p = 0.001) decrease in fasting blood glucose level. When both groups were compared the exercise and diet group was found to be more beneficial and effective than the conventional oral therapy medication group. Both conventional oral therapy medication and exercise and diet groups can be used in management of NIDDM. However in this present study it is seen that exercise and diet is more beneficial and effective as compared with conventional oral therapy medication in reduction of glucose levels and thus, reducing the need of oral medications.

Core stability is a foremost important thing when the discussion of spinal stability comes into light. The TrA is amongst the first trunk muscles to fire when limb activity is initiated. Core stability is a umbrella term covering aspects like core strength, balance, power etc. core stability is a complex interplay between active/passive and neural subsystem. Communication between musculature and the neuromuscular system is what enables the body to regain the equilibrium state .this is also termed as the APA (anticipatory postural adjustments) where postural adjustments allows body to increase proximal stability. Over the last several years the evidence on correlation between performance and core stability has remained inconclusive. It appears that focus of research must be directed to determine whether tests of core stability are related to athletic performance or not.

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated chronic inflammatory disorder of the skin. Association with kidney disease has been debated for a long time. Recently some glomerular diseases have been diagnostic in patients with psoriasis; The underlying pathogenetic mechanisms of these associations remain unclear because of the limited number of cases .We describe the occurrence of a nephrotic syndrome with minimal change disease (MCD) in a 43-year-old patient with a 20 year history of psoriasis .Evolution was favorable under corticosteroids.

To identify aspects of tuberculosis location of the greater trochanter and the adjacent soft parts, we conducted a study of 5 cases of tuberculous trochanterite collected in the trauma orthopedics Avicenne RABAT. There are 2 males and 3 females, mean age 45 years; this is a very latent disease that involves pain and swelling and sometimes a fistula. The radiograph shows specific alterations. The diagnostic confirmation is always based on the biopsy results will be sent to the bacteriology and pathology, and highlights specific lesions. The medical treatment is essentially based on anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy, most often associated with a surgical resection of the abscess pocket curettage of necrotic bone, removal of a fistula. The evolution under well led treatment is usually favorable, except in cases of infringement secondary hip which is a serious complication and is now becoming increasingly rare.