Physiology and Anatomy

Abstract Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of structurally related proteins that degrade most if not all components of the extracellular matrix and basement membranes in a zinc dependent manner at a physiological PH. Cadmium is one of environmental pollutants arising from electroplating, fertilizers, pigment and plastic manufactures, most animals with scrotal testes are susceptible to cadmium–induced testicular toxicity. In this sense, This study conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) injection with different dose on the quantitative expression of MMP-2 and immunohistochemistry of male rats testes. 30 male Wister rats were conducted in this study , control group received saline IP (n = 10), CdCl2 treated group (n=10) were injected IP with of 5 mg/kg B.W., the third group (n= 10) which injected IP of CdCl2 in dose 10 mg / kg BW. The injections were twice per week continued for 3 weeks. The animals were euthanized and testicular tissues were collected and used for RNA extraction and real time PCR for quantitative expression of MMP-2 and immunohistochemical demonstration. We have found MMP-2 in control groups expressed in the leydig cells and sertoli cells and different stages of spermatogenesis. After injection of CdCl2 (5mg) of male rats showed decrease the quantity and expression of MMP-2 in the testicular tissue P<0.05 compare with control group, the group injected with (10mg) CdCl2 recorded more decrease of MMP-2 expression (P<0.01). In conclusion, our results highlight that cadmium directly cause reduction the quantity of MMP-2 in the testes without induced any inflammation in testicular tissue, the reduction of MMP-2 interfere with down regulation of reproductive activity that may lead to infertility due to environmental exposure to toxic metals of male.

Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis is a rare clinical entity. It is clinically manifested by neuropsychiatric disorders that accompanies or precedes most often the discovery of the cancer.We report an interesting case of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis with anti-Ma2 antibody in a man of 51yers with only apparently benign microcalcification of the testes on imaging, and whose histopathological examination revealed a seminomatous germ cell tumor.

The present study aimed to describe the risk factors of Congenital malformation recognizable at birth in newborns in Marrakech Hospital from March 1 to May 31, 2017 on a sample of 40 cases of CM. The results showed that the mothers of the malformed children are young from a socioeconomic and cultural background. The malformations found were Hypospadias (30%) and hydrocephalus (28%). The etiological factors found were consanguinity, heredity, consumption of fenugreek, self-medication, no intake of folic acid during pregnancy. Considerable means for the motivation of health professionals to cope with the means of prevention and the constraints of nursing care

The development of the kidney begins on the 4th week with three slightly overlapping kidney systems during intrauterine life in humans. The series are pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. During day 22 of human gestation, there is the formation of pronephros in the cervical region of the embryo. The mesonephros is developed after the pronephros is developed. Mesonephric duct develops an out pouching, the ureteric bud near its attachment to the cloaca during the fifth week of gestation. Congenital anomalies may arise from the failure of the ureteric bud to develop or malrotation.

chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome is a prevalent urological disorder among men of all ages. Risk factors include conditions that facilitate introduction of bacteria into the urethra and prostate,Patients with chronic prostatitis/pelvic pain syndrome typically report genital or pelvic pain (in or around the penis, perineum, scrotum) lasting > 3 months. Treatment remains controversial and not consensual, the purpose of this article is to remind different therapeutic options available trough a literature review.

In clinical practice, retroperitoneal schwannoma is uncommonly seen. This is a rare benign retroperitoneal tumor. Often unexpected preoperatively, diagnosis is based on post-operative histopathologic examination of surgical specimen. At an incidence estimated at 4%, benign and malignant schwannomas represent about 0.6% and 1.8% respectively of schwannomas in the retroperitoneum region. Both sexes are equally affected and the patient’s age is often between 30 and 60 years. Clinical signs are nonspecific. Patients present unexplained lumbar or abdominal pain due to compression of neighboring organs. Total tumor excision has a therapeutic effect and a good prognosis. The case of a 45-year-old female patient in whom was discovered incidentally at ultrasound a left prerenal tissue mass measuring about 6 cm is reported. Further imaging notably, computed tomography revealed this mass in juxtaposition though non-adherent to the left kidney, aorta and the renal pedicle. She underwent a total excision of the tumor by open surgery. Histopathology of the surgical specimen revealed retroperitoneal schwannoma. The patient was discharged five days after surgery with a good prognosis with a follow-up of 15 months.

The urachus is developmentally the upper part of the bladder, both being derived from the ventral cloaca. This part of the bladder narrows more, but retains in miniature. It is then known as the urachus. The urachus shares in the post-partum descent of the bladder, and in the adult is a cone-shaped structure passing up from the bladder apex, and attached to the umbilicus only by adventitial bands derived from the umbilical arteries which it has pulled down in its descent. Like the bladder it has a peritoneal and an extra-peritoneal surface and has the transversalis fascia on its outer and the peritoneum on its inner surface. The lumen of the urachus remains patent throughout life, though it may be plugged in places by masses of epithelial cells which have peeled or come off in scales from the walls of its canal.

Health facilities can be sources of bio-hazards to healthcare personnel (HCP). Personal protective equipments (PPE) are among the key preventive control measures. The main objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of PPE as a safeguard against HBV, HCV, and HIV exposure amongst HCP at Public Primary healthcare facilities in Mombasa County. The study endeavored to assess the range and quality standards of PPEs available, adherence to PPE safety guidelines, and the rates of occupational exposures HIV, HBV, and HCV occupational exposure amongst HCP in these facilities. The research adopted a Descriptive Cross-sectional design by utilizing structured questionnaires and lab assays as data collection tools. A simple random sampling approach was used in selection of the subjects. The subjects included Clinical Officers, Lab Technicians, Nursing, Medical assistants, and Housekeepers. Laboratory assays were conducted to determine the quality standards of the PPE sampled from the facilities against KEBS standards. The findings were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23.0 and presented using pie charts, contingency tables, and bar charts. This study ascertained that amongst the PPE, the uptake and compliance to gloves usage was the highest at 93.3%. There was significant association between range of PPE and utilization of available protective gear [X2 (DF= 1, N= 149) = 0.017, p= 0.05]. Quality standard analysis results established that the gloves met the accepted quality levels. 69%were exposed to blood and OPIM, Sharp related injuries were the highest reported mode of exposure at 44.7%, 70.4% of the exposed had access to hands protection [X2 (DF= 1, N= 103) = 0.548, p= 0.05]. PPE are not effective as apparatus but are effective when implemented as a policy whereby adequate supply, quality standards, adherence to usage and guidelines are critical to the success of the program.

Caliceal diverticula stones are rare. Their management is conditioned by the appearance of clinical signs. The treatment gold standard was initially open surgery. With the advent of SWL, PCNL and flexible uretero-renoscopy, treatment has become less and less invasive. Among these techniques, the choice depends on the localization and the size of the diverticula and stones. We report here the case of a patient with a superior caliceal diverticula stones treated by flexibleuretero-renoscopy and laser.

This paper deals with the severity of Conn adenoma and its treatment with laparoscopy