Social Studies

The world system is inclined to redistribution of capabilities within the international, state or even the individual levels, especially, in the aftermath of major events that necessarily alter the status quo. Power is fungible especially in the international system, so the US decline as a super power economically can be translated into a decline in other forms of power especially military might. Therefore, the claim that the US is becoming the first among equals becomes more realistic. The World system is witnessing the emergence of powers aiming at rearrangement of the world system into a multipolar framework, it is not possible for the United States to unilaterally exercise the world political decision as in the aftermath of the end of the cold war and the absence of the Soviet Union from the scene. The big powers have high political weight that cannot be ignored, surpassed, especially the "BRICS" group

Robbery is a kind of crime which not only jeopardizes citizens’ financial security in a society but their psycho security as well. This paper studiesrobbery in the city of Yasuj which seeks to find out the reasons and factors leading to the committing of this crime. Some of the theories, which bore criminological and sociological similarity to each other, are stated and then correlated with the obtained data. The results show that the cultural data did not have significant influence on the committing of robbery in the city of Yasuj, although factors such as education, a feature of culture, were considered influential. What is noteworthy to mention is that all factors being studied had more or less some kind of influence on robbery.

The demand for money function creates a background to review the effectiveness of monetary policies, as an important issue in terms of the overall macroeconomic stability. Money demand is an important indicator of growth for a particular economy. The increasing money demand mostly indicates a country's improved economic situation, as opposed to the falling demand which is normally a sign of deteriorating economic climate (Marvin and Palin, 2010).Thus it has been the focal point of considerable economic research. This paper surveys some of the more recent research on the demand for money and the policy implications for Asian developing countries. By and large the error correction model approach is the dominant methodology in most researches but the ARDL approach appears to be on the rise. Expectedly, the significant explanatory variables were found to be the income variable as the scale variable and domestic interest rate as the opportunity cost variable. In some cases additional variables had to be included in the money demand function such as the exchange rate, the inflation rate and some external interest rate. Generally, the demand for money was found to be stable and the money supply can be used as a tool of monetary policy aimed at influencing the macroeconomic variables of the economy

This document was prepared by the author in his capacity as Task Manager RCE Kakamega Western. It was the main background paper for the RCE presented at the East Africa Regional RCE’s Pre-Conference Workshop on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability held at Golf Hotel, Kakamega, Kenya from 1st to 2nd August 2013. Second, it was a contribution by RCE Kakamega Western towards the implementation of the devolved system of Governance following the promulgation of the Kenya Constitution 2010. It borrows from the special work programme on Chapter 36 of Agenda 21 of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) which “calls upon UNESCO to refine the concept and key messages of education for sustainable development”. The document is based on a wide variety of source materials, background papers prepared by specialists, and a preparatory meeting held in April 2013. It is to be considered the beginning of a process of discussion and debate, not a conclusion. Among the international institutions contributing to its preparation were: Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST),Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, International Education and Resource Nest Kenya (IEARN) and DAP Media. Beginning with a preface on the vision, mission and background of RCE Kakamega Western, the paper addresses priority issues reflected in the work programme of the CSD. Part I (“What is ‘Sustainable Leadership’?”) examines the emerging vision of ‘sustainability’ or ‘sustainable development’, including consideration of its inter-related components mainly addressing three key challenge areas and opportunities: Society, Economy and Environment. The role of education seen in this perspective is discussed, no longer as an end in itself but as a key instrument for achieving sustainability in the future. Part II (‘The Need for Effective Communication’) takes up the topic of public awareness and understanding as indispensable to support change towards sustainable development. Problems of vested interests, the difficulties of communicating science, the inherent complexity of the issues, and the tendency of the media to focus on extreme positions and controversies are considered. It is suggested that the most effective communication strategy for building awareness and understanding is to focus on problems which the public experiences in everyday life.

The Sivatattvaratnakara, a Sanskrit work of Basavaraja, the ruler of a small ruling Keladi dynasty. In this work he discussed variety of sciences in which the Ayurveda system of medicine is most important one. He deals the subject in the 21st and 22nd Parts of the work. It has been a practice in India to trace the origin of arts, sciences etc., to superior gods and it is believed that Ayurveda also was created for the welfare of mankind by the Supreme Being Brahman. In this work we find a condensed form of the legend related to the origin of Ayurveda. Here Basavaraj gives detail account on the different diseases and healing methods. He was a scholar-king deals with a vast number of subjects in general and particularly all branches of science like Ayurveda (medicine), chemistry, toxicology, typology, weapons, metallurgy, horticulture, child care and sacraments, geography, astronomy, cosmography, astrology etc.

In most African countries, it is exceedingly difficult to make the transition from youth to adulthood. Some people have attributed this to the hard economic times facing governments. Others have pointed it to the inadequate systems of education where as the rest blame it to poor planning. Statistics has it that most of the people after secondary level of education would wish to go to university. However, due to our filtering system, the smallest group makes it to this level. Those who don’t achieve the marks required join training colleges. There is still a 3rd group, which is unfortunately the largest, who still do not attain the mark to warrant them a place to these training colleges. Technical institutes were created to cater for the 3rd group. The technical institutions train on different skills which an individual could get employment in the informal sector. While some choose to be self employed, others are employed by people who have established themselves with enterprises which specialize in that particular trade. Machakos and Kakamega counties have been blessed by hosting a number of universities and upgrading technical institutes to university colleges. However, technical institutes are scarce and cannot comfortably cater for the 3rd group for as indicated earlier; it is the largest in numbers. In this 3rd group, there is a particular category called persons with disabilities. There is a strong temptation to write off what is strongly referred to as “a lost generation”. The question is, will we sit and watch as the so called “the lost generation” is written off? This paper seeks to show that the challenged have something to prove and given the opportunity they can assert themselves. An inclusive institute is what we are proposing. Inadequate educational system combined with the challenges of PWDs in job placement poses a challenge in acquiring financial security thereby hampering the transition from youth to adulthood. In the African setting, one is considered to be an adult when he/she is independent. This is not the case with persons with disabilities for in most cases they are considered as dependants. Some challenged youth gain technical training in the few special vocational training institutes but cannot compete with their peers. More often than not, their path is blocked because they are seen as liabilities. The idea of a sheltered workshop proposed in this paper seeks to address the informal sector for persons with disabilities. This will involve both vocational training on different skills together with placement and a full workshop where there will be immediate employment for individuals who graduate from the trainings. This initiative is aimed at improving job skills and awareness and possibly coming up with a show room where the finished products could be exhibited for the purpose of marketing. This project will focus on educating and socializing the people with special needs to play a role in the county’s development and growth. The paper proposes a sustainable, gender based and inclusive human resource development initiative.

Social history, often called the new social history, is a broad branch of history that studies the experiences of ordinary people in the past. In its "golden age" it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s.History is important because it helps us to understand the present. If we will listen to what history has to say, we can come to a sound understanding of the past that will tell us much about the problems we now face. History taught to our children is playing a role in shaping their values and beliefs. This paper examine the responsibility of historians in constructing the faulty, ethnocentric and historical account of the past and contemporary Nigerian State.

Local affairs and ensuring the welfare of the village as a desirable habitat for most people is a task The charge is based Dehyarys and according to law, public affairs, directly involved and of course Dehyarys legal entity, financial and administrative autonomy and property, funds and revenues, rights and specific duties and honors of the state. In this context, the role of village councils no secret. In this study, we have investigated the characteristics of Islamic Councils in the rural city of Bushehr, with a descriptive approach. This study aimed to identify qualitative and quantitative trends Council last three periods (second, third and fourth respectively). The findings show Decreasing age, increasing the role of women in village councils, more specialized work by increasing the number of people with higher education, higher education, council members and increase the average number of Islamic Councils has 5 members. The study was presented Proposals such as increasing the powers of councils, creating a bridge between city and rural Councils considering the findings in order to share experiences and Rural Management Training Program for Rural Councils.

“Stomach infrastructure” is a jocular slang that was coined in the heat of the build-up towards the Ekiti State gubernatorial elections that took place on the 21st of June, 2014. One interesting highlight of the campaign was the wooing of prospective voters with things that could appeal to the masses like foodstuffs, money, recharge cards, etc, by the gubernatorial challenger. He ended up defeating the incumbent in a landslide victory. Hence, the term “stomach infrastructure” is used widely to describe petty inducements and bribes. It is also used to describe materialism, and the love of pleasurable things.This paper seeks to examine Pentecostalism and the impact it has on the lives of Nigerians. It also seeks to clarify the role of material or worldly wealth in the Pentecostal brand of the Gospel.

This study is a descriptive research attempting to compare and contrast the use of two types of cohesive devices (i.e. lexical cohesion and ellipsis) in the original dialogues of a television serial with the Persian subtitled and dubbed versions of the same dialogues. The data used in this study comprised the dialogues of 10 scenes selected by the researcher from the television serial ‘Ann of Green Gables’ as well as the dubbed and subtitled counterparts of the dialogues of the same scenes. The study sought two objectives: First, it attempted to investigate the original dialogues of the film, in terms of the frequency of the use of the two mentioned types of cohesive devices, and to compare them with the dubbed and subtitled versions; second, it aimed to compare the two types of audio-visual translations (i.e. dubbing and subtitling) to find out how they have dealt with these cohesive devices and what differences exist between these two types of translation in terms of their handling lexical cohesion and ellipsis. For this purpose, the study employed Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) model of cohesive devices. The findings revealed that repetition has the greatest frequency of use among lexical cohesion elements and clausal ellipsis has the greatest frequency among ellipsis types in the original dialogues. The findings also demonstrated that the two translated versions were relatively similar in their handling lexical cohesion but the dubbed version contained a substantially greater number of cases of ellipsis than the subtitled version did. The findings of this research could provide audiovisual translators with information as to how the cohesive elements are differently used in the English dialogues and their Persian translations (subtitled and dubbed dialogues).