Psychology

Introduction:The present research has aimed at exploring the relation between students' religiosity and their risk behaviors. The research statistical population consists of all male and female high school students of Rasht city in the academic year 2011-2012. Materials & Methods: A sample of 428 students was selected through a cluster random sampling procedure and the subjects replied to two appropriately valid and reliable questionnaires of "MA'BAD " and "high-risk behavior". Findings: The data gathered were analyzed through Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and Multi-Variable Regression Analysis methods by making use of the SPSS software. The results obtained show that there is a significant (p < 0.05) reversed relation between the components of students' religiosity including "performing religious duties", "performing the recommended", "taking part in religious activities", and "involving religion in decision-making", on one hand, and their risk behaviors, on the other. Moreover, the results of the regression analysis shows that the three variables "performing religious duties", "taking part in religious activities" and "involving religion in decision-making" can significantly predict the students' risk behaviors. Discussion & Conclusion: Research findings also show that religious instructions can predict a decrease in the students' risk behaviors.

Addiction to drugs, change of thoughts, excitement and behavior is one of the most significant psychosocial damage that can easily destroy the basis of individual, family and social life of an individual. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive intervention Behavioral, psychological well-being and self-retention of addicts in drug addiction camps. The results of this study show that cognitive-behavioral intervention is effective on the quality of life in addicts in drug addiction treatment centers, cognitive-behavioral intervention, on psychological well-being, in drug addicts in centers for addiction abandonment camps. Cognitive-behavioral intervention is effective on life expectancy in drug addicts in drug addiction camps. In the recommendations of this research, one of the important variables is the way of teaching to addicts. It seems that the personality traits of the educator, and how he communicates with addicts, is effective on psychological well-being and the life expectancy of addicts. Therefore, it is suggested that this variable should be included in future research, and its relationship with social adaptation and more skills should be measured.

This paper deals with introduction of the West and Islamic perspective on Spiritual Intelligence (SI). After defining intelligence, different perspectives on SI are provided. Dimensions and characteristics of each of them and also the positive influence of SI on private and social life are discussed. And then the Islamic definition of SI is provided and the Islamic and West perspective on SI are compared. Also some of its properties and methods of strengthening are proposed. This paper also compare the Spirituality in new civilization and religious training, which is one of the basis of SI. And at end, differences between normal intelligence and spiritual intelligence, and also suggestions for its improvement are proposed.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between self-conscious emotions (shame proneness and guilt proneness) with attributive styles and general psychiatric symptoms. The method of the study is correlational descriptive and participants were 165 subjects (90 male subjects and 75 female) among BA students at University of Allam-e Tabatabaei randomly selected by multistage cluster sampling. We used the test of self-conscious emotion (TOSCA),¬ attributive styles ¬questionnaire (ASQ) and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) for collecting information. Data were analyzed by using one-sample T test, Pearson correlation and multiple regression method. Results showed that the female subjects were more prone to feel shame and guilt and they used general and stable attributive styles in unpleasant situations. Shame proneness was positively related to depressive attributive styles. Guilt proneness was merely related to general-specific attributive styles. General-specific attributive styles, shame-proneness and internal-external attributive styles were the significant predictors of general symptoms. This variable accounted 20% of the total variance of general symptoms. Conclusion: shame-proneness, general and internal attributive styles can predict general symptoms.

The issue of medical doctors not possessing empathy for the patients in the country (Nigeria) is quite alarming. This has been found to influence the willingness to seek health care and also the compliance and adherence of patients to treatment; yet not much research has been done to look into this problem. The study therefore investigated the influence of personality, religious affiliation, gender and age on empathy among medical undergraduates in Nigeria. An expo-facto research design was employed, and using purposive and accidental sampling techniques, a total of 295 medical students (144 males and 97 females) with age range between 16 and 41 years (Mean = 22.72; SD = 3.82) were selected as participants in the research. One hypothesis was formulated and tested with hierarchical regression analysis. The result revealed that agreeableness (? = .17; t = 2.61; p< .01), conscientiousness (? = 0.22; t = 3.52; p<0.01) and neuroticism (? = -.16, t = -2.58, p< .05) significantly predicted empathic behavior among the undergraduates, while extraversion and openness to experience did not. Age also predicted empathy (? = -0.13; t = -1.98, p<.05) in an inverse relationship implying the younger students were more empathic. Similarly, religious affiliation predicted empathy (? = -0.17, t = -2.50, p < 0.01). All variables of study accounted for 14% variation in the prediction of empathic behavior among Nigerian medical undergraduates. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that individualized intervention strategies based on personality traits should be integrated into programs to enhance empathy in medical education.

The primary purpose of the present investigation is to examine the role of involvement and employment in the perception of stress and coping abilities of married women. The study involves 2 (working versus non-working) x 2 (involved versus less-involved) factorial design. Non-working women are categorized into involved and less-involved subgroups on the basis of the median split of their scores on family involvement. Working women are categorized into similar subgroups on the basis of the median split of their combined scores on family involvement and work involvement. The participants of all the four groups are compared with respect to their perception of stress and coping abilities . The result indicated that involved women perceived less stress and indicated more coping abilities in personal, family and finance related matters and also in overall stressful encounters. The finding also revealed that working women perceived more stress in personal and family related events where as non-working women perceived more stress in finance related events. The overall level of stress experienced by working women is also higher than that of the non-working women.

The study aims to determine the reliability of the Learning Environment Preferences (LEP) inventory among counselor trainees. A total of 100 subjects consisting of final-year students from the Guidance and Counseling Program in local universities, participated in this study. Results from the study found a high validity value of .948 for all the inventory items. The results also showed high reliability for the entire sub-scale items, achieving Cronbach’s Alpha values of .755 to .889. Based on these results, the LEP is considered appropriate to be used in order to test counselor trainees’ cognitive complexity.

The main purpose of this research is to determine the effect of job demand and job control in job design on job stress and subjective well-being. The population of the research was all the personnel of Isfahan Petrochemical Company in Iran from which 151 persons were randomly selected via simple random technique. The research method was correlational. To gather the required data, the following three instruments were used: Job Design Questionnaire of Wall, Jackson and Mullarkey (1995), Subjective Well-being Questionnaire of Mollavi (1386), and Job Stress of Eliot (1994). The obtained data were analyzed via one group MANOVA and multiple regressions. The findings were as follow: The relationships between job demand with job stress (P < 0.05) and positive affect (P < 0.01) were significant. Also, the relationships between job control with job stress (P < 0.01), subjective well-being (P < 0.01), positive affect (P < 0.01) and negative affect (P < 0.01) were significant. In the current research, employees were categorized as the Technical, Support and General staff. The results of subgroup analysis via one- way ANOVA showed that the job stress and subjective well-being of three groups have a significant difference.

The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the identified five dimensions of emotional intelligence, namely self-awareness, emotional management, self motivation, empathy, interpersonal skills and academic performance. This study aims to identify whether the five dimensions of emotional intelligence have been able to contribute to academic performance. Statistical inference of the Pearson-r and multiple regression is used to analyze the data. The results showed that the significant relationship between self awareness (r = 0.21), emotional management (r = 0.21) and empathy (r = 0.21) at the level of p <0.05 with academic performance. Findings from multiple regression analysis (stepwise) showed that only three dimensions of emotional intelligence which is self-awareness (ß = 0261), self motivation (ß =- 0182) and empathy (ß = 0167) accounted for 8.7% of variation in criterion (academic performance). Research also presented a model designed to reflect the relationship between the dimensions of emotional intelligence and academic performance. These studies imply that the level of emotional intelligence contributes to and enhances the cognitive abilities in student. Thus, in increasing student academic performance. The stability of the emotional intelligence of a student will help to produce a competent generation and successful country in line with the philosophy of education.

Willingness to communicate (WTC) is one of the affective factors assumed to influence success in second and foreign language learning. Although the nature of the construct of WTC has been thoroughly investigated in both first and second language its relationship with different modalities of communication in a foreign language has not been studied. The present study explores the possible relationship between WTC and its components and success in foreign language learning. For the purposes of this study a willingness to communicate scale was correlated with a C-Test, which is a measure of general language proficiency. Results show that two out of the three subscales of WTC, namely, willingness to communicate in the school context and willingness to communicate with native speakers of English, were moderately correlated with success in learning English as foreign language as measured by C-Test. The other subscale of WTC, i.e., willingness to communicate with non-native speakers of English was not correlated with success in foreign language learning. Implications of the study are discussed.