Psychology

From the perspective of social-cognitive theorists, those who stress the efficient, Likelihood their impairment Against Stress and poor social functioning is less. Well as those in different situations Such as social interaction and academic performance have a strong sense of efficacy are less affected by anxiety and stress. This study examined the Effect of training Fordyce Happiness on Increase students' self-efficacy. This study used a quasi-experimental research. The population of all high school students in the first term is Harsin in iran were studying in the academic year 88-87. A sample of 40 of them were selected and divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of two hours training happiness. The tools used in this study include: 1- Cherer efficacy Questionnaire (GSE). 2- Program of Training Fordyce Happiness. T test was used for data analysis. T test on the difference between pre-test and post-test scores Showed that Fordyce Happiness Training was increased the efficacy in significance level of 0/05.

Social helpers can play an important role in empowering vulnerable groups. One of these vulnerable groups is women with addicted husband that encounter with the crisis of addiction of their husband in life. Undoubtedly, one of the practices in the field of empowering them is enhancement of their resiliency. Recognition of effective factors on the resiliency can be helpful in direction of empowering them in next steps. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of the role of family function on the resiliency of women with addicted husband. In viewpoint of data collection, the method of current research is descriptive research (non-experimental) from field study branch and in viewpoint of the relationship among research variables this study is a type of correlation. Statistical population of the current research was women with addicted husband in Tehran that 350 of them were selected based on Cochran’s formula and were studied using a simple random method. In order to collect data and required information in this study, standard family assessment device (FAD) and Conner and Davidson’s standard resiliency questionnaire (2003) were used. Data were tested using SPSS software and correlation and multivariable regression tests. The results showed that there is a significant positive correlation between family function and the resiliency of women with addicted husband (r=+0.343, P<0.01), between problem solving and the resiliency of women with addicted husband (r=+0.343, P<0.01), between communications function and the resiliency of women with addicted husband (r=+0.624, P<0.01), between role and responsibility and the resiliency of women with addicted husband (r=+0.414, P<0.01), between blended emotions and the resiliency of women with addicted husband (r=+0.375, P<0.01), between behavioral control and the resiliency of women with addicted husband (r=+0.675, P<0.01). Also, the results of multivariable regression showed that all of components of family function are as a predictor of the resiliency of women with addicted husband (P<0.01). The results of this research can be helpful for social helpers, policymakers and programmers in order to programming in direction of empowering vulnerable groups such as women with addicted husband.

Differential Item Functioning (DIF) is a statistical method that determines if test measurements distinguish abilities by comparing two sub-population outcomes on an item. The Logistic Regression (LR) statistic provides an effect size measure that can give the magnitude of DIF. The purpose of the study was to investigate through simulation the effects of sample size, ability distribution and test length on the Effect Size (ES) of DIF and their influence on detection of DIF using LR method. A Factorial research design was used in the study. The population of the study consisted of 2000 examinee responses. A stratified random sampling technique was used with the stratifying criteria as the reference (r) and focal (f) groups. A small sample size (60r/60f) and a large sample size (1000r/1000f) were established. WinGen3 statistical software was used to generate dichotomous item response data which was replicated 1000 times. The findings of the study showed that whereas sample size and ability distribution had significant effects on the ES of DIF items when LR was used, test length had no statistically significant effect on the ES of DIF items. However, the number of DIF detections using LR statistic increased with test length regardless of the nature of Ability Distribution, The findings of the study are of great significance to teachers, educational policy makers, test developers and test users.

The study was aimed to analyse “Effect of problem solving teaching strategy on 8th graders’ achievement ". Major objective was to compare the achievement of the 8th grade students in General Science taught through problem solving teaching strategy and traditional methods. The population of the study was 150 grade 8th students of the Federal Government Model secondary school F-8/3, Islamabad. Two groups of 30 each were selected randomly including 10 in each category of high, average and low achievers. These groups were randomly assigned as experimental and control group. A research tool ‘Achievement Test in Science (ATS) for 8thgrade was developed to use as pre-test and post- test. The test was validated through peer review, expert opinion and pilot testing. In the beginning of treatment pre-test was administered, after six moths teaching through problem solving teaching strategy to experimental group only, the post-test was administered. On the collected data, t-test and ANOVA was applied. It was concluded that the students taught through problem solving teaching strategy, showed better achievement than the students taught through traditional teaching methods.

The present study explores the effectiveness of Graphical Organizer (GO)Teaching Model on Student’s Learning Achievement in General Science at Elementary School Level. Graphic Organizer Teaching Model helps teachers to make their content understandable for their students. The objectives of the present study were to asses the effect of GO Teaching Model on students’ learning and explore the understanding of student. It was an experimentally study. The experiment was conducted at an Elementary School. Pre-test posttest control group design was adopted for conducting the experiment for the study. Difference in achievement of students (in control and experimental group) in General Science was checked through comparison of their performance in Post-test. Data analysis revealed that students of experiment group who were taught through GO teaching got more marks than students in control group. Findings depicted that GO Model proved an effective instructional strategy. The result reported that students learning achievement was improved through the use of GO in General Science. It was recommended that teachers may be trained in how to design and use GO in teaching. The findings of the study have implication for teachers, curriculum developer’s educationists and researchers.

Vocational interests are an enduring and compelling aspect of individual differences and the most popular means for matching individuals to environments, to improve occupational success and job satisfaction. Interests have received its’ strongest impetus from vocational and educational counselling, gaining considerable attention in areas of vocational choice, such as career development and choice, interest testing and career counselling. It has been to a lesser extent incited by personnel classification and selection. This article attempts to analyse whether interest inventories accurately predict the kind of work in which individuals will be satisfied in.

Education in general and language education in particular usually poses great problems to those who don’t have a favourable academic environment. The case of ESL/EFL/ESOL is always a challenging task. English in most Arabic speaking countris serves a very limited purpose. Yet, it is very important for social as well as technological development. Therefore, English language teaching (ELT) in such countries also catches attention of many researchers. ELT generally starts at the school level. Despite good overall planning, purposive curriculum, integrated textbooks, qualified teachers, the achievement is below the expectations. Therefore, diagnostic studies should better be undertaken in different language areas: sound system, vocabulary, meaning, grammar and various skills so that the teacher may know the types of the problems and the corresponding factors. Such attempts are expected to be helpful in possible evolution of some fruitful and compatible strategies in order to yield the maximum academic output.

Pedagogical content knowledge exerts significant driving influence in educational research of teachers. PCK is a basic guarantee for teachers to become expert educators. For physics teachers, PCK is a knowledge synthesis which is developed in a specific teaching situation. PCK development of physics teachers needs the accumulation of time and experience. There are many methods to develop physics teachers’ PCK, such as self-study, teaching reflection and school-based educational research.

The article focuses on the problem of the foreign language training of future specialists in different fields. The requirements of employers to young applicants for a job are analyzed. English becomes a necessary component of the professional training of future specialists and a way for developing certain skills of future specialists. The role of ESP for the development of some personal qualities, skills and professional competences is determined. The potential of certain exercises, tasks and tests is considered concerning the skills development of the future specialists in health study.

Present study was carried out to develop and validate a research instrument for the measurement of occupational stress among the medical doctors working in teaching hospitals. Review of literature was done and focus group discussions were held in order to generate items for the instrument. Initially item pool thus gathered, constituted of 80 items falling under the dimensions of psychological, physiological, social adjustment and personal life. After qualitative item analysis the items were reduced to 61 in order the establish reliability and validity of the statement empirically 61 statements were administered on 150 doctors working in teaching hospitals situated in Rawalpindi region namely Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Hospital, Holy Family Hospital and Fauji Foundation Hospital. The data was subjected to prinicipal factor analysis; as a result five factors were extracted called subscales. Psychometric properties and percentile norm were determined for the final occupational stress scale for the medial doctors. Finding demonstrates that 44 items OSSMD is a reliable and valid instrument to be used to the measurement of occupational stress of the medical doctors working in the hospitals.