Psychology

This study identified specific sexual behaviors and practices of the youth with regard to HIV/AIDS among secondary school students in Rift Valley, Nyanza and Western provinces of Kenya. The provinces were selected because of their high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates. A cross-sectional survey design was used. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while qualitative information was thematically summarized. Of the 3,650 students sampled from a population of 9,000, 3,645 participated in the survey. Boys accounted for 56.2%, while girls represented 43.8%. Their ages ranged between 12 and 22 years, with a mean of 16.4 years. Nearly all the students (98.9%) had heard of HIV/AIDS and were aware of how it is transmitted. Mass media was the most widely reported first source of information. Forty percent of the students had had sexual intercourse before the survey, with more boys (55.7%) than girls (21.6%) reporting ever having sex. The first sexual encounter took place mainly at home. Only 37.2% had used a condom. Peer pressure (43.0%) was reported to be the main reason for having the first sexual encounter. In conclusion, the results indicate high levels of knowledge on HIV and AIDS among the youth. However, this knowledge seems not to translate effectively into behavior change. It is recommended that appropriate communication programs be developed with precise messages on HIV and AIDS.

Rather than a unattended (guardian less) is a individual problem it's a social problem. Today we are facing with abnormal increase of unattended children in all over the world. this increase have many reasons such as poverty, war, corruption and prostitution increasing and addiction … .These children are victims of society coarseness that not only deprived having parents and the kindly gathering of family but don't accept them and look at them as parasite. Although these children haven't different with their peers in intelligence but rate of self – esteem social growth and academic progress didn't grow like the children who enjoy feasibility family. The main purpose of this study is investigated educational and social status of unattended children in boarding institutes until investigated the organizational and structural status the care institutes of unattended children investigated the different their needs. This study was doing as descriptive and comparative study to the researcher be able describe care institutes children status and also compare them to peers in terms of educational and social. Study population consisted of all the unattended boys and girls that according to welfare organization's statistics they are 22 thousand and five hundred children who keeping in 480 institutes, selected 360 children and 20 institutes among them randomly.

The Loneliness scale was developed with the objective of testing the level of loneliness of adolescents. For construction of the scale, literature on loneliness was surveyed and scanned. This scale is meant for Indian adolescents ranging between the age group of 14 to 18 years and studying in the classes IX to XII. Present loneliness scale is a 5-point self-rating scale. Every item is in the question form. Five response categories are provided for responding to every question. The scale has undergone all the steps of construction and standardization including initial and final try out and hence can be used to assess loneliness among adolescents.

Writing and reading. Reading and writing. Keeping a journal to capture the moments that surround you, incubating ideas (Bomer & Bomer, 2001), and organizing ideas. All this seems fairly simple, that is unless you are an English Language Learner (ELL) or an English as a Second Language (ESL) student. Foreign languages are immensely difficult for most learners and thus, teachers and students must have an understanding of each other. Tools, strategies, compensations, and acknowledgements of strengths and weakness behoove the instructor and student. Chen (2000) cites Zamel (1976) and Jones (1986) in that . . . “students writing in a second language proceed in similar fashion as native speakers” (p. 14). Chen (2000) continues to explain that ELL or ESL students all engage in the process of discovery, the process of determining meaning around self. Therefore:[C]ulturally relevant teachers understand that learning is facilitated when we capitalize on learners’ prior knowledge. Rather than seeing students’ culture as an impediment to learning, it becomes the vehicle through which they can acquire the official knowledge and skills of the school curriculum. However, in order to capitalize on students’ cultures, teachers have to know the students’ cultures (Ladson-Billings, 2001, p. 99-100).

Lack of social and emotional skills is perhaps the most undermining problem that students with hearing impairments confront; by taking that into consideration, the goal of the present study is to appraise the effectiveness of Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) on the emotions management of students with hearing loss studying in normal schools. This study is based on an experimental method and a pre-test and post-test design has been applied to the control group. To that end, 30 male and female hearing-impaired students from junior and senior high schools covered by Tehran’s Department of Exceptional Children Education were handpicked through multistage sampling and those who met the research criteria were randomly placed in two control and experimental groups and after a pretest, the social-emotional learning program was taught to the experimental group in 12 sessions. To measure the emotions management, Schutte Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire was used. The findings of the present research display a significant difference (p< 0/0001) between the control and experimental groups with regard to emotions management. The conclusion can be drawn that the Social-Emotional Learning program is efficient in the emotions management of students with hearing impairments in regular schools.

Facebook use are much in vogue these days. Taking into concern the exponential growth in membership on this social networking site, this study was therefore planned. The purpose of this research was to find out the relationship between facebook usage and its influence on peer relationships. A random sample for the same was collected from the tricity area i.e. Chandigarh, Panchkula and Mohali. A group of 60 subjects in the age group of 19-21years were administered a questionnaire on facebook usage. Correlation and descriptive analysis ( mean, S.D and t-ratio) were applied. Results revealed non significant relationship between SNS usage and interpersonal relationships with friends.

The role of parental support is crucial in building self-confidence among the teenagers. The present study examined the role of parental support in building self-confidence among the teenagers. The study was based on the purposive sample of 50 students taken from three schools in Islamabad namely, Roots, the City School and Scholanova. The ages of the students ranged between 13 to 19 studying in O’ levels and A’ Levels. The data thus gathered revealed that parental behavior exhibited in the form of care, control, autonomy and financial support are instrumental in building self-confidence among the teenagers but care proved more effective as compared to other factors with control, autonomy and financial support coming next respectively. The study observed the fathers and mothers of different professional backgrounds affect their parenting styles. Comparing fathers and mothers support, it was found that mothers are more careful and financially support than fathers whereas fathers’ support is significant in giving autonomy than mothers. Overall it was found that parental support based on caring and control play more effective role in building self-confidence among teenagers than autonomy and financial support.

Undoubtedly, addiction has long been with different societies in different forms, and they [societies] have constantly been under its harmful effects. What appears so important is the manner of dealing with and the way of solving the problem which has always been under hot and chaotic arguments. Needles to say that no society desires to dissipate and/or extirpate its active, social, and economic human resources and precious institutions such as ‘the family’, only because of addiction, and this has caused the authorities to choose different strategies to eradicate the leech-problem. What proves very crucial among all is the change in people and authorities’ attitudes towards this highly undesirable phenomenon.

From the perspective of social-cognitive theorists, those who stress the efficient, Likelihood their impairment Against Stress and poor social functioning is less. Well as those in different situations Such as social interaction and academic performance have a strong sense of efficacy are less affected by anxiety and stress. This study examined the Effect of training Fordyce Happiness on Increase students' self-efficacy. This study used a quasi-experimental research. The population of all high school students in the first term is Harsin in iran were studying in the academic year 88-87. A sample of 40 of them were selected and divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group received 12 sessions of two hours training happiness. The tools used in this study include: 1- Cherer efficacy Questionnaire (GSE). 2- Program of Training Fordyce Happiness. T test was used for data analysis. T test on the difference between pre-test and post-test scores Showed that Fordyce Happiness Training was increased the efficacy in significance level of 0/05.

Life skills have been defined as “the abilities for adaptive and positive behaviour that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life.”This paper examines the relevance of imparting life skills education in schools in today’s world, the core life skills, the target group those who most needs it; challenges and issues of adolescent students. And lastly emphasis is given on various methods to enhance life skills in students.