Social Sciences

The present study assessed the contributions of Aga Khan Education Services Pakistan (AKESP) in Early Childhood Development (ECD) in Chitral. The study aimed to find out head teachers, teachers and parents’ views about contributions of AKESP in Early Childhood Development (ECD) centers at Chitral, and to assess their views about contributions of ECD centers in physical, social, cognitive, emotional, academic and moral development of children. The study was descriptive. Data were collected from parents, teachers and heads of ECD centers from valleys of Chitral through two sets of questionnaires. Findings report that ECD centers are contributing a lot in providing facilities for children at these centers and that ECD centers are contributing a lot in the social, emotional, moral, academic and physical development of children. However, ECD Centers of AKESP may focus on launching more programs for cognitive development of children and programs of teachers training in ECD.

Trauma can have long-term effects on the survivors’ mental health. In addition, levels of mental disorders reported among Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and refugees globally vary considerably. The disputed 2007 presidential election in Kenya eventually resulted in violence. The survivors were left with heavy psychosocial and economic burdens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of depression at baseline among IDPs resident in Maai Mahiu camp after the 2007/8 Post Election Violence (PEV) in Kenya. This study was pretest-posttest quasi-experimental and used purposive sampling to select a sample of 139 respondents out of the target population of 196 households. The respondents gave informed consent and filled out socio-demographic and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-11) questionnaires. Analysis was conducted using SPSS, whereby univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistical tests were done. The findings indicated a high prevalence of Depressive Disorder (DD) at 63.3% among the respondents. These findings are significant for clinical practice and could be used to update strategies and policies governing IDP’s health. Therefore, the study recommended that psychosocial interventions should be provided to the PEV survivors and other vulnerable populations in Kenya to avert their suffering.

The need of social gerontological studies is increasing due to rapid changes in life styles especially in urban area. With increasing facilities available in urban environment, the aged people can live without much support of other family members to certain extent. But after certain age and after some period of isolation, they feel dejected and this feeling of dejection leads to many physiological and psychological problems. While economically well to do aged ones are not having economic problems but they have other problems common to poorer people. A survey of the aged persons in Hubli-Dharwad Corporation Area including samples across different religious and economic groups is proposed to be undertaken. The proposed study will follow questionnaire method. It has been observed that the aged males feel more insecure about their future than the female counterparts, especially in getting help from children in their day-to-day life. There appears to be sex-wise difference in the economic impact, as females do not face much of problems as do the males. The married ones face less age related problems than the single ones. The role of family relations in solving the age-related problems has been discussed.

The study provides a conceptual overview of the quality assurance models as a tool for higher education and presents a set of performance indicators for its assessment in case of Pakistan. It is interesting to note that different models are in use in different countries to ensure a provision of quality education in their Higher Education Institutes (HEIs). In Pakistan, Higher Education Commission (HEC) is also following a set of different models for the uplift of the higher education. However review reveals that performance funding and budgeting model is more effective as compare to its counterparts as it encourages universities to increase output to get performance-based funding because it constitutes 15% of total recurring grant provided by the HEC to the HEIs. However, the model can be improved by reshuffling the composition of the recurring grant. The share of performance based funding should be increased from 15% and share of base grant may be decreased from 65% to create space. Furthermore the study suggest that much more is required to enhance quality of education in HEIs in Pakistan for which HEC has to take drastic measures to modify and improve the quality assessment model keeping in view the socio-cultural environment of Pakistan.

Enthusiastic interest to protect their environments for improved agricultural production has led rural communities to adopt a desert encroachment control strategies through community participation. Thus, the present study attempts to compare the perceptions, participation and empowerment between socio-demographic characteristics of the participants of afforestation programme in Toshia community, Nigeria. Self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 150 participants who were purposively selected. The data was analysed using t-test for the comparison and analysis. The results of the study revealed that there were significant differences in perception, participation and empowerment between ethnic groups, age and education level of the participants. The study suggests a guidance for community development professionals with a strategy for assessing the community and developing a principle based approach outreach, perception and participation.

Since one of the factors contributing to the understanding of the Qur'an, the words appear, it is clear that any change in the Arab derivation of a word or a variation of it, and turned to talk to other characters may lead to a change in meaning As a result, the interpretation of it. The author, wants to know whether the effect of the interpretation of the readings, such as fundamental changes in the concept and meaning of the Quran, so that he can decree the provisions of Sharia, or religious principles alter or causing minor changes and negligible in the interpretation and meaning of the verse is?. For this purpose, the expression of the sheer size of ten readings, Reading dispute that, in such a way to understand the meanings of the verses, and interpret it had an effect were selected according to the quality of the impact of differences in the interpretation of collected, various readings in the verses of monotheism is examined. At the end of the research and studies carried out in this thesis, the following results were obtained: Some differences in readings, has little effect on their interpretation, and most of the different dialects of Arabic, but some impact on their interpretation so may lead to change in order to be legal and religious. If the difference in some theological and religious issues, stemming from the differences in readings. Reasons and justifications for some time, after Imams life readings discussed, and not because of actual readings and more was learned that inductive and discretion. Although some commentators, on the basis of his interpretation have Hafs narration, but no other verse based on the readings, have been interpreted.

This paper addresses the concepts of sustainable development, sustainable regional development and constitutes for an indicators for sustainable development. The notion of sustainable development has a fundamental nature, and serves as the basis for other new and innovative concepts and principles arising within environmental conventions. Sustainable development (SD) is development that lasts for long time. This paper has two parts. Firstly, the idea of sustainable regional development (SRD) refers to the integration of sustainable development principles into regional development practice. Secondly, indicators are today seen as having an increasingly important role in sustainable development or sustainable regional development and can provide crucial guidance for decision- making in a variety of ways. This study uses for traditional data sources and measures as a basis for SD and SRD indicators. The aim of this study is to analyze the indicators for sustainable development and sustainable regional development. This paper finds that it is a qualitative policy concept, which needs a quantitative operationalization. It is hoped that this paper will make a significant contribution to the realisation of sustainable regional development.

International Baccalaureate World Schools are in constant development on how to enhance the teaching and learning. One of the strategies they employ is to get the students voice to examine if the pedagogical approaches of the teachers were appropriate in bringing the desired learning outcome from the intended students. The results of this study constituted an initial step towards the development and improvement of the teaching and learning processes in the Middle Years Programme of International Baccalaureate World Schools. Student’s comments were captured on how they were impacted by teaching and learning and in turn teachers reflection were also captured based on the comments received from students. Data collection also involved teacher interviews and testing of the procedure. Evidence revealed the importance of utilization of student voice in improving teaching and learning. Further, student voice promoted self-assessment of teachers’ practice and that student voice perceived to be a transformational experience for teachers, students and the whole school community. Thus, this study attempted to identify the effectiveness student voice in teaching and learning.

Our study explores the influences Impact of Occupational stress on pharmaceutical employees in Bangalore Industries how work load, lack of proper job training to the employees increases job stress and effect the productivity in the organization. The present study aimed at i) To understand the impact of company culture and work load, on stress and Absenteeism ii) to study the relationship between Stress and work load,. III) to know the factors causing of stress in pharmaceutical companies. The study was conducted in Bangalore , Karnataka with a sample of 250 women pharmaceutical professionals. The sample selection was done by convenience sampling method. The data was analyzed using descriptive one way analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation test . Results showed that the pharmaceutical employees experienced moderate level of stress and stress dimension. This study reveals that 85 percent of the respondents experience medium level of stress and stress dimension also suggested the Work culture and workload significantly influence the over all stress and depression experienced by the employees. Our study shows that there might be a strong relationship between over all stress and Company culture.

Organizational researchers have long debated the meaning and consequences of organizational culture but the relationship between culture and organizational performance is still not well understood. Organizational culture is the collective behavior of humans who are part of an organization and the meanings that the people attach to their actions. Culture includes the organization values, visions, norms, working language, systems, symbols, beliefs and habits. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational culture on the relationship between transformational leadership among elementary school teachers. In present study, five organizational culture aspects devised by Hafstede are used and their relations with leadership are measured. This is a survey – type descriptive research and data collection method is field study by using questionnaire. On this basis, 150 questionnaires were used in analyses from total among elementary school teachers in Kermanshah. Canonical correlations indicated “a modernly high relationship between leadership and organizational culture. The author found that the cultural elements of accomplishment, recognition, and affiliation tend to be positively correlated with all aspects of transformational leadership. The findings supported that transformational leadership practices are positively correlated with a constructive organizational culture, and that transformational leadership practices predict organizational culture. The results of this study will ensure confidence in the practice of employing and developing transformational leaders so that an innovative and constructive organizational culture, vital for organizational survival in the 21st century, could be Accomplished. The advantages of a constructive organizational culture transcend financial outcomes such as return on investment and profitability.