Social Sciences

Student violence has been a problem in the Kenyan educational system for a long time now. The first case of student unrest in Kenya was reported at Maseno School at the beginning of the 20th century (1908). To date, the situation is still unabated. The trend is rather alarming and the magnitude of violent acts by students is high and worrying. The paper therefore using a random sample of 251 students who were selected from five purposively chosen secondary schools in Njoro division were interviewed using a standardized research questionnaire. The students were selected using a combination of stratified random sampling and the systematic sampling techniques, which are probability sampling procedures. The data collected was analysed using both the descriptive and inferential statistics. It was found out that three factors related to the school social environment determined the students’ participation in violence in secondary schools as discussed in this paper. The paper recommends that there should be a better understanding of the school social environment factors as aggravators of student violence in secondary schools.

Community based tourism is taking its place in the world as an alternative to traditional tourist destinations, especially in developing countries. This form of tourism allows for greater contact with the local community and for the tourist to experience new sensations while enabling the economic and social development of the geographic area. In this paper, the results of fieldwork carried out in the Latpanchar Village (Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India) is presented, assessing the opinion and perception tourists visiting this area have of both the quality of the services offered by community based tourism enterprises, as well as the potential of the tourism resources in the area. The main results of the investigation endorse the quality of services offered to tourists by local businesses and highlight the hospitality of the local community, a key element for the development of this kind of tourism, particularly in different villages of this district. Similarly, it highlights the tourist satisfaction with services received and the need to strengthen the training to tourism staff through aid. The originality of this research comes from analysis of the demand made on a concrete base for Latpanchar, a village which is producing a huge economic development through the community based tourism approach.

The main thrust of the paper could be brought down to the thesis that the concept of middle class is an oxymoron. This is the case because there is a contradiction between the associations pertaining to the adjective part of the term in question and those pertinent to its noun part. "The middle" is a hierarchical term, which fits social stratification rather than class, as class relations generally have a more complex character. The said confusion matters because of some important weaknesses of stratification approaches.

Pluralism in health care practices needs the pragmatism to have strong roots in the cultural practices. Any community which has to have continuous confrontation with nature develops methods which are not disturbing the balance which is naturally established and existing. Further these communities opt for the methods which are easy to follow and easy to practice. Migrating communities have more opportunities to face different kinds of environment and certainly develop more methods to face the disturbances in health conditions. Lambani community is one such community with history of migrating life style. Lambani community is characterizd by the socio-cultural practices which are connected to nature, especially to forest and products of forests. Being a community with long history of nomadic life styles, is having greater chances to accommodate various health practices found in other communities while dealing with them during their migratory course of community development. Further, unique language and life style of this community prevented whatever information gathered in community to remain within the community for long time. Thus this community got more chances to collect knowledge them sharing health care practices which involve utilization of forest products are more easier to follow and practice few of these practices existed even today the community to maintain health under certain conditions. Information about their health care practices passes from generation to generation. However, certain resource persons who adopt the life style to serve community with their health care knowledge are also present in this community. These persons though some time collect nominal reward for having rendered their service as knowledge resource of the community. A study of these practices and those of knowledge resource persons have been made in Davanagere District of Karnataka state, India. Role of knowledge of health care practices and resource persons in community has been discussed. Pressure of modernization on these practices and reaction of the community have been observed and recorded for the discussion.

Education through educational institutions is at the center of the evolution of societies because it contributes to the development process of a country. It has been the subject of many international consultations, including the World Conference on Education for All (EFA) in Thailand in 1990 and the World Education Forum in Dakar in 2000, etc. This effectively explains why education is one of the indicators of human development.

Co-curricular activities are seen as the best medium to develop leadership skills which can be learned, trained and upgraded from time to time through the extensive involvement of students in co-curricular activities Through involvement in various activities, leadership skills can be applied and trained in the students whether realized or not. This article is about student involvement, co-curricular activities and leadership skills. The result of the study is from analysis of data from reading material like journals of previous researches and books.

The purpose of the study was to investigate teachers’ perception on the implementation of the competency-based curriculum in public pre-schools in Keiyo North Sub-County. The study objective was to establish teachers’ perceptions on the implementation of the competence-based curriculum in public pre-schools. The study adopted curriculum implementation theory and descriptive survey design. The target population was 38 public pre-schools, 38 head teachers and 320 pre-school teachers. Simple random sampling was used to select the sample which comprised 108 respondents, 96 pre-school teachers and 12 head teachers. Data was collected using questionnaires. The quantitative data was processed and analysed with the help of the SPSS software programme using Pearson product moment correlation. There was a positive influence of attitudes of the teachers (r = .406) on implementation of competency-based curriculum. This implies that as the attitudes of the teachers improved the on implementation of competency-based curriculum increased. The findings also indicated that majority of the teachers had a positive attitude towards the competency-based curriculum. The study recommended that the ministry of education and Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development to organize for more in-service training for teachers to equip them with subject content knowledge and positively change their perceptions about the competency-based curriculum.

Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extracts of Swertia chirata (Gentianaceae) were screened against economically important two lepidopteran pests viz, Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura. Insects were orally treated in the third instar larval stage by no choice leaf disc method. Among the tested extracts, methanol extract of S. chirata highly inhibited the feeding activity and the different developmental stages of H. armigera and S. litura. Toxicity of S. chirata was identified as dosage dependent in both species. In H. armigera and S. litura larvae, 68 and 56% antifeedant activity was recorded as maximum respectively at 5% concentration of methanol extract. Nearly 80% and 50% larvae of H. armigera and S. litura were killed respectively by methanol extract (5%) within 96 h duration of treatment. Pupal mortality was recorded after the adult emergence, and it was varied between the treatment concentrations in H. armigera and S. litura. Due to the toxic effect of methanol extract ultimate adult emergence was gradually reduced with increasing concentration of the treatments. More than 80% of adult emergence was suppressed in both the species.

The present study is based on an empirical survey of 150 self help groups in the 4 districts of north Karnataka region covering 400 members (100 members from each district) with a focus on two major aspects of the (SHG) covered by the study viz., motivational factors and purpose for joining the SHG and the financial assistance to members by the SHG and their utilization. The major purposes for which the selected members joined their respective SHGs included financial security, enhancing their social status, increasing self esteem, attaining power and increasing family business/trade. Responses of the members are almost indicative of all these socio-economic purposes. Major motivational sources for joining the SHG included own decision, friends, relatives, caste leaders, panchayat chairman / members, Anganwadi teachers, NGOs, bank officials and others. The study revealed that ‘own decision’ and ‘friends’ were the major sources of motivation for joining the SHGs. The area of assistance needed by SHG members have been wide ranging including using own and bank finances for loan advancing to members, providing raw materials, ensuring supply of electricity through Karnataka Electricity Board(KEB), arranging training, providing marketing information ,technical assistance etc. Large number of respondent members of SHGs have obtained bank loan through SHGs. Major Purposes of obtaining loan related to dairy business and agriculture. The overall results of the survey indicated a positive impact in membership of SHG on the respondents’ socio economic status as a result of their membership and involvement in SHGs.

IELTS, International English Language Testing System, is designed to assess the language ability of candidates who intend to study, work, or live where English is used as the language of communication. Highly significant growth in candidature particularly in South Asia and the Middle East clearly illustrates how globally IELTS is recognized currently. Statistics demonstrate that Iran was among the top 25 locations in which candidates took IELTS in 2003 (IELTS Annual Review, 2003). Surprisingly, there seems to be a deviation from the communicative into prestigious purposes. The aim of the present study is to investigate the underlying hidden factor motivating Iranian IELTS candidates to prepare for the test. The target population of this study consisted of 300 IELTS candidates and 20 IELTS teachers. They were given a questionnaire and subsequently 30 of the participants underwent a semi-structured interview to elicit more information on what motivated them to go for IELTS. After the qualitative analysis of the data, the findings indicated that the hidden factor underlying all the motivating factors for the majority of Iranian IELTS candidates is prestige.