Social Sciences

Access to resources is one of the elements of women empowerment and a base for the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals. The study examined the access of rural women to productive resources in Nassarawa Eggon Area, Nasarawa State. Data were collected from 100 women farmers that were purposively selected from five districts in the study area. Descriptive statistics and Likert scale were utilized to analyze the data. The findings indicated that 60% of the rural women farmers were between the age of 36 and 40 years, 62% of the respondents were married whereas 31% and 7% were single and widowed, respectively. About 43% of the respondents had primary education, whereas 62% had farming experience of between 1 to 10 years. Furthermore, 54% of the respondents had farm sizes of less than 1 to 2 hectares. The major income generating activities of the respondents are crop production, livestock production and tailoring. The respondents had better access to land (mean = 3.00), seed (mean = 2.95) and labour (mean = 2.86). However, access to rural institutions and capital were limited. The constraints faced by the respondent were high cost of inputs and inadequate access to credit facilities. It was recommended that rural women should be given the opportunity to have access and control over productive resource in the rural area through public enlightment, extension services and access to capital.

Studies worldwide have revealed that economic factors do affect academic performance of pupils. In Matete Sub County, the performance of pupils at KCPE has been declining from the year 2012-2015, with a mean of 248. What was unknown the extent to which economic factors affect the academic performance of primary school pupils in public primary schools in Matete sub-county. The objective of the study was to establish extent to which economic factors affect academic performance of pupils in Matete sub-county, Kenya. A conceptual framework was used to show the relationships between the dependent variable and independent variables. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study population comprised of 49 head teachers, 49 senior teachers, 75 standard eight class teachers, 1759 class eight pupils, and 1 Sub County Quality Assurance Officer. The study sampled 44 head teachers, 44 senior teachers and one sub-county Quality Assurance Officer who were selected through saturated sampling technique. Sixty-three class eight teachers were selected through simple random sampling technique. It also comprised 525 Standard 8 pupils, who were selected through stratified sampling technique. Instruments for data collection were questionnaire, interview schedules, focus group discussions and document analysis guide. Face validity of the instruments was ascertained by experts in educational administration. Pilot study was carried out among 15 pupils, 5 head teachers, and 5 senior teachers. A Cronbach’s coefficient alpha of 0.7 was found; hence the instruments were reliable. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data was transcribed and categorized on an on-going process as themes and sub themes emerge. The study showed that economic factors were rated at 3.81, hence, affect performance. The study provides the educational stakeholders with hints on the extent the economic factors affected the academic performance of pupils, hence should be given attention accordingly.

It can be noted that music is a product born of mankind. Music has emerged wherever he stepped. There are few places in the social conditions of the modern world that music is not there and the less time occurs that music has no effect. By this definition, a similar definition can be argued that the social function of music is undoubted. In so doing of social music, music- sociology as an incipient science examined the relationship between society and music to survey the relationship between music and sociology and vice versa. The evolutionary history of science suggests that sociology of music is born of musical knowledge and culture discussions. In this paper by using descriptive- library method and credit documents as a tool to check is to evaluate what is the sociology of music. What this paper has been to study the sociology of music: introducing subjects such as nature of art, history of music, defining sociology of music, goals of sociology of music and surveying of the next generation of research on the sociology of music.

Modern shipping, with increased number of vessels, faster, more sophisticated, expensive, specialized, complex operation, governed by comprehensive rules and regulations as per national and international authorities, is a vital industry carrying 90% of world trade. Although modern technology and modern navigation equipments contributed more efficient marine transportation than before but injury and fatality statics indicate that shipping remains a high risk industry. This study outlines the classification, types and commonly prevalent errors in shipping operations. Study concludes that qualification, training and development of crew members as one of the key concerns in the effort to achieve higher safety standards aboard ship.

One of the striking aspects of community development community stability is Feeling of security. Public safety requires the establishment of a society in which there exist the minimal structural elements such as social justice, provision of social justice, employment, freedom and sovereignty of people and their full participation, distribution of knowledge and information in society, social disorder, use of resources, scholars and social adjustment. The present study, by using field study and survey techniques, is to answer this question; what are the most important factors affecting the Feeling of security in cities? In the study population, 400 individuals of all the citizens of Bandar Abbas city who are more than 20 years old have been studied. The findings suggest that the Feeling of security among the residents of Bandar Abbas is fairly. There is a significant correlation between the Feeling of security with the variables of the city space, various internal and external mass media, economic-social bases and gender.

The performance of pupils at the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education in public schools in Kenya remains a challenge since the number of pupils performing poorly is still high. In Matete Sub County, the performance of pupils at KCPE has been declining from the year 2012-2015, with a mean of 2.48. Therefore, the objective of the study was to find out the extent to which government policies affect the academic performance of primary school learners in Matete sub county, Kakamega county. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study population comprised of 49 head teachers, 49 senior teachers, 75 standard eight class teachers, 1759 class eight pupils, and 1 Sub County Quality Assurance Officer. The study sampled 44 head teachers, 44 senior teachers and one sub-county Quality Assurance Officer who were selected through saturated sampling technique. Sixty-three class eight teachers were selected through simple random sampling technique. It also comprised 525 standards 8 pupils, who were selected through stratified sampling technique. Instruments for data collection were questionnaire, interview schedules, focus group discussions and document analysis guide. Face validity of the instruments was ascertained by experts in educational administration. Pilot study was carried out among 15 pupils, 5 head teachers, and 5 senior teachers. A Cronbach’s coefficient alpha of 0.7 was found; hence the instruments were reliable. The quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The qualitative data was transcribed and categorized on an on-going process as themes and sub themes emerge. The study showed that Government policies moderately affect academic performance with a mean of 3.39. Staffing policy as one of the government policy profoundly affected KCPE performance with a mean of 4.39.

Ethnic conflict is a worldwide issue that has challenged many countries since the second half of the twentieth century in particular. As multi-ethnic country Iran, which is positioned at the center of an ethnic conflict area namely the Middle East, has experienced many ethnic conflicts since the formation of the modern nation state in 1906, and especially after Iran’s Islamic revolution in 1979. The main ethnic groups involved in these conflicts are Kurds, Turkmen, Arabs, Baluchs and Azeries. Since the Revolution, Iran had attempted to quarrel the ethnic conflict severely. When Khatami took power, however, he behaved peacefully towards minorities and ethnic tensions eased. Based on the theory that states duplicate their domestic patterns of behavior in their inter-state relations, the paper intends to examine this theory in the case of Iran during Khatami’s administration. The article concludes that when Khatami came to office, he attempted to deal with the ethnic groups on the basis of democratic values. He extended these values to Iran’s foreign policy arena which led to an improvement in relations between Iran and other countries. In other words, he could replicate internal peaceful policy in Iran’s inter-state relations and he made a direct connection between these two spheres.

The school environment is one of the most important factor, in promoting learning at every stage of school life. If the environment is conducive, learning accelerates with time and age, that is true for CWSN too. School environment for ‘Children with special need’ consist of infrastructural design of the school, physical resources available at school, the academic resource available at classrooms and school, the behaviour of peers, seniors, school staff and teachers. It has been found that infrastructural facility like pathways, boundary wall, classrooms, toilets, drinking water improves CWSN enrolment as well as attendance. Analysis of data also demonstrates that beautification of school, cleanliness, behaviour of peers/teachers/support staff improves students engagement in school and learning. Teaching-learning aid of every kind support CWSN in engaging themselves in learning.

Participation is a phenomenon that has long been associated with the evolution of human life, but in the 1950s and 1960s, when imported programs from the West to developing was failed because of lack of people participation, regarding to this phenomenon and emphasis on its role as an agent of development was increased and after that, the foundation of development strategies, community participation approach was formed as a basic human need. Regarding to the importance of the topic in this research by using field method, techniques and survey questionnaire sought answers to this question” Social and cultural factors involved in the construction of mosques and religious site, what are people? Given the importance of social and cultural factors involved in the construction of mosques and popular religious site in this study to analyze the relationship between variables such as socio-economic status of family, religion, social trust, sex, age, and education as independent variables and relationships it was a turnout as the dependent variable. The results indicate that among all the independent variables with the dependent variable, there was a direct and significant relationship.

Family is an institution on one hand with the larger community and interact directly with other person in the relationship. It is important to the extent that some experts are considered to suppose it as a fundamental pillar of society and the realization of a healthy society depends on achieving a healthy family feel. Marital satisfaction is one of the essential factors in family stability and of the mental health of spouses and children as well as society. Several factors caused spouse to be satisfied in a marital relationship. Marital adjustment influences on many aspects of human life, individual and social. Regarding to the importance of this field of research methods, techniques and survey questionnaire sought answers to this question’’ what are the social factors influencing the conflict of spouses in Guilan-e-Gharb? Study sample are the married in Guilan-e-Gharb which number of 378 samples were analyzed. In order to answer the main question, this study is to analyze the relationship between variables such as fatalism, psychological well-being, family income, age of spouses during marriage as independent variables and conflict of spouses as the dependent variable. The results suggest that, there is significant relationship between psychological well-being variables, family income, and the age difference between spouses marriage duration with spouse conflict. There is no relationship between fatalism and conflicts between spouses.