Social Sciences

Present paper tries to introduce bigotry theory in Islam – based criminology and sociology and also its impacts on the emergence and extension of crimes. The necessity of such discussion is on the fact that abovementioned fields, there is no theory on the reasons of social and individual dysfunctions in Islamic viewpoint while in religious resources, numerous behaviors are criminalized. Another issue is that although all theories in mentioned fields seem different, a commonality is seen among them namely bigotry. This comprehensive theory involves are reasons mentioned in other theories. Besides, it is the positive aspect of such trait that controls behavior and should be recognized and fostered. Even, lawmakers criminalize its negative points and adopt other laws fro keep its positive dimensions. As a result, the definition of crime (“any behavior for which penalties is determined in the law” (article 2, Islamic Penal Code, 2011)) is to negate negative bigotry. If the law is based on religion, it is toward protecting human valid interests and if it is out of religion, it should consider the interests of all people.

This study examines staff development as veritable tool for Secondary school effectiveness in Rivers State. The study used a descriptive design. In all, 2 research questions and 2 null hypotheses were posed. The population of the study is 1200 teachers; this consists of 700 teachers drawn from public schools and 500 teachers that were drawn from the private schools. The sample of the study is 480 teachers making 40% of the total population. The collected data were first converted to means and further subjected to Z-test. The means were used to derive answers for the research questions, while the Z-test was used to test the hypotheses of the study at 0.05 level of significance. Findings are that: A significant difference exists between the public and private secondary school teachers of Rivers State in their mean opinion of the type of development programme that are available in Rivers State; there is no significant difference between the opinions of public and private school teachers on the problems of staff development programmes in Rivers State. The recommendations include that government should as a matter of necessity fund development programmes, and teachers should not be reluctant to participate in development programmes.

This paper discusses the plight of the writing spirit among African ruling political elites. This plight is historically situated and it is subjected to a comparative perspective. While it is not the view of the author that writing is always the most effective means that can be used by political leaders to communicate with the public, communicating with the public through writing is one of the useful information transferring tools that ought not to be ignored. Through a trend analysis, the paper observes that unlike most of first African heads of state and governments who were keen to academic writing most of contemporary African leaders have lost interest in writing, with only a handful of leaders still involved in academic scholarship. Some of the factors that are attributed to this decline include; lack of ideological backing, the growing sense of insecurity among political leaders, the transformation of ruling parties and the influence of financial donors, just to mention some.

This study is explaining the “Impact of the Private TV Channels Dramas on Females Fashion and Dressing” (A Case study of University of Sargodha Females students). Dramas generate a great effect on people that influence the segment of society and the whole. This study was designed to identify and estimate the female student’s viewers who belong to Sargodha University watching habits, interest, destroying cultural, and Imposing Indian trends in Pakistani society. This study also focused on attraction of dresses, postmodernism complex factors. These factors are presented by Express Entertainments, HUM TV and ARY Entertainments private TV channels. The survey research procedure was adopted. In this study universe was the (females) student of the University of Sargodha. Total 100 respondents were taken for the survey research. Drama is a more effective source of informing, educating, guiding & entertaining people. Findings of study shows that most of the female’s students watch Express entertainment channel (57%) much which is more as compared to (26%) somewhat and (17%) not at all. Across the selected age group the females’ students who are up to 25 in age watch Express entertainment channel (70%).which is much more than and the females’ students are above 25 watch Express entertainment channels (62%) so the significant difference has been observed. in term of selected education group the females students of Masters Class watch Express entertainment channel (59%) which is much more as compared to BS class of females students which are (52%). Graphical interpretation shows that up to 25 age and BS class females are attracted dresses which are presented by TV channels dramas. As well as both of them think that Private TV Channels dramas are promoting Indian cultural in Pakistani society. Along with this most of the female’s students are in favor that such types of dramas should be banned.

Driven by the desire to probe into the craze for Nigerian video films among youths, this study sets out to investigate the uses to which youths in the conflict-ridden Port Harcourt city put the social and environmental elements that are transmitted by Nigerian video films and the differential levels of gratifications that they derive from these film portrayals. To accomplish this objective, the thrust was on determining the influence of the environment, conflicts, time, setting and the ambience of a youth’s habitation, on video film usage and gratifications. Using the cluster sampling technique, a sample of 500 subjects was drawn from the population of youths across public Senior Secondary Schools and tertiary institutions in Port Harcourt city and Obio-Akpor LGAs of Port Harcourt metropolis, estimated to be over 40, 000, to participate in the study.The data gathered were analyzed with frequency tables and percentages, pie and bar charts, histogram and frequency polygon as well as chi-square. The findings show, among other things, that certain conflict situations in Port Harcourt were expected by the youths to be reflected in home video films; some social and environmental factors informed the preferences of youths in viewing home video films; the most important use and gratification of home video among Port Harcourt youths was entertainment and relaxation; Port Harcourt youths’ most preferred setting and time for watching films were the family and in the evening respectively; the youths’ places of residence determined their views on home video uses and gratifications; and that the setting of the youth’s exposure to films influenced their choice of films. The study concluded that the social milieu, conflict situations and the ambience of the youths’ habitation influenced their exposure to films. It was, therefore, recommended that since youths prefer watching films in the evenings with members of their family, parents and guardians should see these periods of watching films together as an auspicious avenue to propagate socially sanctioned values and proffer strong reasons against their exposing themselves to immoral and criminal transmissions. Key Words: Analysis, Nigerian youths, Social and environmental factors, Differential gratifications, Nigerian video films

The paper makes an assessment of the war against the heinous crime of human trafficking in Nigeria. The discourse considers human trafficking in the global perspective where it reveals that some countries in Africa, Asia, Europe & Americas are all involved in the illicit trade. Several reasons have been presented as causes of child or human trafficking which include poverty, unemployment, zeal to travel to Europe or America, parents’ persuasion, quest for materialism, naivety or ignorance, abuse of traditional method of fostering children etc. The effects of this unwholesome trade are so devastating on not only the victims but also on the society at large. Some of the effects include the deprivation of young women and children from acquiring skills needed for national development; it mares the image of the country; it enhances the orgy of ritual killings, contracting of killer diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and fatal accidents. The extent of the war against human trafficking has been discussed extensively. It includes the establishment of the Child Rights Act of 2003 amended 2005; the establishment of NAPTIP charged with the responsibility of enforcing laws against human trafficking; prescription of 10 years jail term for convicted traffickers, enlightenment programmes of NAPTIP, and the partnering with other countries as bilateral agreements to repatriate victims and support the fight. The police and law enforcement agents are also playing their part in the fight. Consequently, recommendations were made such as embarking on enlightenment programmes by government at all levels; enactment of more laws; job creation by establishing new industries and reactivating old ones; need to involve other agencies such Nigerian Immigration Services; stop such cultural practices that enhance child trafficking; and include human trafficking in the school curriculum. Key Words: Human trafficking, heinous crime, prostitution, illicit trade

The study discusses improving safe blood donation in Nigeria and the roles of the mass media in achieving same in Nigerian hospitals. In this regard, it answers the questions: What is blood? What is blood donation? And is safe blood donation adequate in Nigeria? Beyond the relevant answers given on the above questions, it also explains the roles of mass media in improving safe blood donations among Nigerians. Besides this, it recommends among others that the federal government, state government, private hospitals and concerned Nigerians should encourage mass media campaigns continuously on the need for safe blood donations to save lives. It also upholds that the federal and state governments should establish more blood banks in their health facilities, in order to spur the people, who would become aware through the mass media, to access same for safe blood donations. Keywords: Improvement, Safe Blood, Donation, Roles, the Mass Media

This paper development of traditional dances in Tanzania by using the lens of youth involved in performance activities. The paper uses firsthand information from four dance groups; Livangala, Lumumba, UMATI and Bongo fleva artists to argue against less participation of youth in dance. The paper revealed that culture; economic and administrative factors undermine the motivation of youth to participate in traditional dances and, thus, increased their enthusiasm in Bongo fleva. The paper offers a critical analysis of challenges that youth faced in traditional dances and how such challenges forced them to turn their interests to Bongo fleva. Following the shift of interests from traditional dances to Bongo fleva, the paper suggests for social, economic and political transformation to increase the participation of youth in dance.

Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. It is a long term process. This paper endeavors to illuminate on the process of urbanization in India over a century with emphasis on level, tempo of urbanization and urban morphology using Indian Census data during 1901-2001. It will try to trace urban problems and related policy issues. At the moment, India is among the countries of low level of urbanization. Number of urban agglomeration /town has grown from 1827 in 1901 to 5161 in 2001. Number of population residing in urban areas has increased from 2.58 crores in 1901 to 28.53 crores in 2001. Only28% of population was living in urban areas as per 2001 census. Over the years there has been continuous concentration of population in class I towns. On the contrary the concentration of population in medium and small towns either fluctuated or declined. The graduation of number of urban centers from lower population size categories to class I cities has resulted top heavy structure of urban population in India. India’s urbanization is often termed as over- urbanizationpseudo- urbanization. The big cities attained inordinately large population size leading to virtual collapse in the urban services and followed by basic problems in the field of housing, slum, water, infrastructure, quality of life etc. Urbanization is a product of demographic explosion and poverty induced rural-urban migration. Urbanisation is occurring not due to urban pull but due to rural push. Globalization, liberalization, privatization are addressing negative process for urbanization in India. Policy relates to proper urban planning where city planning will consist of operational, developmental and restorative planning. Redirection of investment is recommended to develop strong economic base for small and medium city neglected so far so that migration flows are redirected to small and medium cities.

Dalit movement for social justice is not new; this kind of movements began in South India at least, approximately 100 years before that is in North India. This was comparatively late movement but became historical in its nature because, South India’s movement was against dominant of Brahmins, while they were less in population, but in North India it was against a group of dominants as Brahmins, Chhaktriya, Kayasth and Vaisya etc more number than south India. While this established a Historical achievement as a Dalit lady, Mayawati become the first and fourth times chief minister of Uttar Pradesh in India through Dalit movements. The core agenda of these movements was uplifting of Dalit and social justice but after around decay BSP leadership created a new formula to occupy the political power and she named him “Social engineering”. Actually this social engineering was a tactical and conspicuous move adopted by the BSP. This is a very natural question which raised by intellectuals of both sides whether Dalit or Brahmins, because the emergence of Dalit movement was basically established in beginning against Manuvadi (A system in which Dalit is marginalized in all the area of life) and Brahman supremacy. I tried to understand why BSP, which was anti Brahmans from beginning, diverted their approach and agenda. It is pertinent to share that in Uttar Pradesh, BSP missed a golden opportunity to polarize to OBC, a big chunk of population in own political fold.