Social Sciences

This paper will explain more detail about the way to produce product which is designing and develop by concern the criteria of sustainable. Multipurpose Iron Board is one of the product with applied the concept of sustainability. Multipurpose Iron Board can perform a variety of uses other than iron board itself. In sustainable design, it’s able to function as a ladder and chair too. This product is easy to store, easy to carry, lightweight and durable. In addition, the design of which was developed also emphasized aesthetic values. Ergonomic factors are also taken into account so that the user can use the product properly and safely. Anthropometric data is referenced to ensure product will be produce by full fill the ergonomic factors. This product is designed by considered consumer demand through market survey. The current issue such as limited space and less storage will be overcome through the use of this product.

Abstract Most academic views of teaching theory have speculated that, it would be better to allow learners to state themselves when they are learning a second language it is usual to occasionally flash back into their first language which it can be helpful for them to learn better. According to this, mother tongue might be affect on the process of learning reading comprehension (decoding and interpreting) via translation into the first language. This paper aims to teach reading comprehension toward the use of mother tongue. Having expressed the problems of the topic and the limitations in chapter one, I reviewed the literature of the topic in chapter two. This study will be examined reading comprehension by using L1. After homogenizing via pre-test, forty Iranian girls with treatment and twenty without it who will between the ages of 20 to 30 will be carried out with the Nelson Proficiency Test. The result of the study will be obtained via analysis variance (ANOVA). Key words:Mother tongue,Reading Comprehension,EFL,Vocabulary

In most cases, the importance of local histories in explaining the issues and delicacies of a land or territory is a good guide and answer for people who want to find out more about the history, dignitaries, culture, customs and the status of a region or area. Having prosperous, vibrant and populous regions, the vast country of India has seen a very great and notable civilization and has always been important throughout history, each region which having its own wonders and developments. Although there had been many worth sayings points about different regions of India before the arrival of Islam in this country, all of which used to be cited orally, there have been different books about different regions of the country prepared after the arrival of Islam in this country, especially during the centuries when the Islamic sovereignty was stabilized or Persian Language and Literature developed there. In the first part of the present study, which in fact is an introduction to the writings and compositions of local historiographies, the researchers seek to mention the course of Muslims’ historiography in India from the past until recent centuries. In the second part of the study, they introduce a list of local chronicles together with the name and time of their compilation in about twenty states or regions of India. In the last part, however, they explain the content of some of these works. The indented questions, nevertheless, are that what the position of local chronicles is in the Indian Historiography, what regions or what topics local chronicles have contended with, and when such works have been written. Regarding the data collected for this research, the answer to these questions will be possible and positive and the status of local historiographies in the Indian subcontinent will be characterized.

My article explores the predicament of the marginalized women in the major plays of Tennessee Williams- one of the most prolific American dramatists of the 20th century. In his three major plays- “The Glass menagerie’, “A streetcar named desire” and “Summer and Smoke” we witness the women who live with a sense of despair- trapped and displaced by the patriarchal norms of the American society. Though Williams does not openly champion the rights of the woman in his plays, he however strongly empathizes with their marginalized existence in the contemporary society. They are portrayed as helpless figures, who have no control over their destinies and are alienated in their social circles. Blanche, Stella, Amanda, Laura and Alma are delicate and sensitive women who struggle their best to adjust with the society- but in the long run are misunderstood, rejected and victimized in the male-dominated American society. They inhabit a world of men, who are indifferent to their needs and to their womanhood. Each of these women loses her place in the world governed by the male characters. The pathos of Blanche, Laura, Amanda and Amanda is that they refuse to acknowledge their state of passivity and continue to struggle for their dignity and social standing even when the battle seems lost.

There is a large body of empirical research on Stress and Subjective Wellbeing (SWB), how stress affects the SWB of an individual and how individual with high SWB cope stress effectively. This study is based on the idea that the Stress is very likely to affect the SWB in Substance Addiction. Research has shown how people get trapped with Addiction in order to reduce stress, and these addictions negatively affect their physical and mental wellbeing. The aim of the present study was to study the effect of addiction and stress on subjective wellbeing. Considering this view the data was collected from Addicted and Non Addicted individuals. In Indian context, male are in the larger risk of addiction at the age of their adulthood, thus, 30 male adult with addiction and 30 male adult with non addiction were taken as the sample. Subjective Wellbeing Inventory (SUBI) and Hari Stress Inventory (HSI) were used to measure subjective well being and stress respectively. It was found that stress had a significant effect upon the subjective wellbeing.

Language attrition is the loss of a first or second language or a portion of that language by individuals. This paper examines the effects of social class and age on attrition of some old words and expressions of Isfahani dialect. To obtain the results, we distributed a questionnaire among 120 male/ female citizens from three social groups each including 40 upper-social class, 40 middle-social class and 40 low-social class with an age range of 25 to 65. The questionnaire involved 20 old words and expressions of Isfahani dialect, given to different social classes with different age ranges to evaluate the effects of these variables on the attrition of Isfahani dialect. The results show that the lower the age, there is the less knowledge about the meaning of words, on the contrary, the lower the social class, there is more knowledge about the meaning of the words. So the age and social class are two main factors contributing to the attrition of Isfahani dialect of Persian.

This study was conducted to determine the existing social service and community requirements in rural area of Uttrakhand Hill. Most of the hill village community in India including Uttrakhand have very poor to poor options of quality school education and health related assets option in their local places. Under this study also assess the community priority for education, health services and child development. The results stated that the Government education and health services are ultimate options for marginal and low economy groups but scarcity of modern educational assets and health services accelerate the high out migration from these villages. Thus to stop the fast out migration of middle and middle upper groups from rural area the planning polices of State and Central Government have need to give promotion to public private partnership in social services as per their priority. This efforts further supplement to minimize the out migration and avail services with local employment generation, deliver as the new catalyst for rural social revitalization.

This study endeavors to investigate if assessment tools such as TKT, DELTA, and the alternative assessment have any statistically significant washback effects on the reflection of Iranian EFL in- service teachers. To fulfill the requirements of the study, the researchers selected 90 subjects and categorized them into three groups. Three assessment packages which included the actual samples of TKT, DELTA, and alternative assessment tools, along with the instructional and coaching materials related to all these modes of assessment, were randomly presented to the three groups respectively. The researchers adopted a pre-test post-test comparison group design to investigate the washback effect of each assessment tool and compare the three groups in terms of teacher reflection. Having used one-way ANOVA to analyze the collected data, the researchers concluded that the alternative assessment tools, compared to DELTA and TKT, had the strongest washback effect on teachers' reflection.

One of the main challenges that the Government of Kenya faces in an effort to achieve Education For All (EFA) is poor girls’ participation in education. In spite of the government’s as well as its partners’ efforts and achievements in ensuring that girls participate in education, the prevailing disparities in the primary, secondary, and university levels in favour of boys are clear indications that there are still gaps to be filled and challenges to be met. There is clearly a need for concerted efforts to achieve higher participation of girls in education at all levels. This study visualized that a formal mentoring program can be a suitable intervention and further found it interesting to establish and report the girls’ perceptions on the suitability of formal mentoring in the enhancement of qualities that are linked to academic success. These girls had participated in a formal mentoring programme prior to this study.

The study assessed the effectiveness of support structures available to orphans in rural communities of Ibadan South East Local government area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique comprising of probability and non-probability sampling methods was used to select one hundred and twenty orphans from 10 rural communities of the local government. The main findings of the study show that the mean age of the orphans is 16.6 years with close to two-third (63.33%) being females. Seventy five percent had no formal education while 90% were not schooling; they receive a mean income of less than N80 per day. The respondents as one of the adjustment strategies are engaged in one agricultural economic activities or the other with higher proportion (67.50%) into food processing. About 16.67% do not engage in any non-agricultural activity while majority (38.33%) of them is into trading. Most of the orphans have been exposed to abuses such as maltreatment, rape, discrimination and street hawking with 81.67% of them exposed to more than one of the abuses. The feeling of inferiority complex is the most common condition under which the orphans live. Food, clothing and education were the only support structures available to orphans that are effective as revealed by the study. Due to the ineffectiveness of the support structures in the study area, all orphans involved in this study were found to be involved in at least one agricultural activity, most especially, in food processing.