Civil Engineering

This paper involves the design of the international runway for the proposed Gannavaram International airport site. The data required for the designing part was taken from the competent authority ‘City Industrial Development Corporation’ (CIDCO). The runway has been designed by international standards following the design procedure given by the ‘International Civil Aviation Organization’ (ICAO). Physical characteristics of the runway and its sections have been studied in depth and designed according to the standards. Images have been provided for better understanding. . The methodology and their references have been specified clearly.

Watershed management is the optimal use of soil and water resources within a given geographical area so as to enable sustainable production.Watershed prioritization has gained importance in natural resources management, especially in the context of watershed management. Erosion intensity analysis has been commonly applied to prioritization of watersheds. The investigation of basins for planning soil conservation requires a selective approach to identify smaller hydrological units, which would be suitable for more efficient and targeted conservation management programme. One criterion, generally used to determine the vulnerability of catchments to erosion, is the erosion intensity mapping. The quantitative analysis of erosion intensity is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. Using micro-watershed as a basic unit in erosion intensity analysis is the most logical choice because all hydrologic and geomorphic processes occur within the watershed. The present study makes an attempt to prioritize twenty five micro-watersheds of Dal lake catchment of Srinagar district, Jammu and Kashmir, based on erosion intensity analysis, using remote sensing and Geographical Information System. Accordingly twenty five micro-watersheds have been classified into four categories based on very severe erosion intensity unit as very high, high, medium and low in terms of priority for conservation and management. The result of the erosion intensity analysis has revealed that micro-watersheds DMW1, DMW5, DMW7, DMW9 and DMW23 fall under very severe erosion class and are more susceptible to soil erosion and hence technical measures has been suggested for the very high priority micro-watershed.

Water is life and every human activity revolves round its availability. Inadequate hydrological data on River Osun has discouraged researchers from modelling water quality across the river. This study modelled water quality across the river using Hydrologic Engineering Centre River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software. Forty (40) water samples were collected from upstream (70 45' 26", 40 37' 22") (Kajola, Owode), midstream (70 44' 17", 40 33' 20") (Oke-Jetu, Isale-Osun), and downstream (70 45' 06", 40 32' 41") (Gbodofon, Ebunoluwa) sampling stations on River Osun from May 2015 to January 2016. Physical [Temperature and Total Dissolve Solid (TDS)], Chemical [Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate-Nitrogen, Nitrite-Nitrogen, and Orthophosphate] and Biological (BOD) tests were carried out on the water samples using standard procedure (APHA, 2005). These parameters were input into HEC-RAS software to simulate water quality on River Osun. Three hundred (300) developed questionnaires on the prevalence of water borne diseases in Osogbo were distributed to households and health workers. Pearson correlation Coefficients (PCC) was used to analyse the data at 5% significance level. Temperature and TDS for rainy and dry season varied from (24.9 - 28.9)0C and (29.0 -339)0C; (90 -110) mg/l; (41.9 - 64.3) mg/l, respectively. The temporal variation of DO, NO3-N, NO2-N and PO43- for rainy and dry seasons parameters varied from (5.2 - 7.6) mg/l and (3.21 - 6.10) mg/l; (0.00 -7.41) mg/l and (9.0 - 19.3); (0.207 - 0.622) and (0.715 - 1.145) mg/l; (3.64 - 5.91) mg/l and (4.04 - 6.21) mg/l, respectively. The BOD values ranged from (0.4 -2 .0) mg/l and (1.93 - 2.96) mg/l, respectively for the rainy and dry seasons. Significance correlation (p< 0.05, 16 df) does occur between the pair of resident with water borne diseases and stations at upstream and midstream of the river in water samples with high pollution sources, there is low correlation (p<0.05 16 and 14 df) between the pair of other stations across the river and residents with water borne diseases. The DO, CBOD, NO3-N, NO2-N, and PO43- output from HEC-RAS for rainy and dry seasons varied from (5.6 -7.4) mg/l and (3.391-5.828) mg/l; (14.81 -15.69) mg/l and (15.87-15.93) mg/l; (0.235 - 5.43827) mg/l and (13.24 -19.1) mg/l; (0.806484 - 1.22) and (0.2085 - 0.4041) mg/l; (3.76-5.16) mg/l and (4.12 - 4.88) mg/l , respectively across the river. The result can be useful to trace the pollution sources and develop water resources management towards achieving Vision 20:2020.

Existing conventional modes of transportation of people consists of four unique types: rail, road, water, and air. These modes of transport tend to be either relatively slow (e.g., road and water), expensive (e.g., air), or a combination of relatively slow and expensive (i.e., rail). Hyper loop is a new mode of transport that seeks to change this paradigm by being both fast and inexpensive for people and goods. Hyper loop is also unique in that it is an open design concept, similar to Linux. Feedback is desired from the community that can help advance the Hyper loop design and bring it from concept to reality. Hyper loop consists of a low pressure tube with capsules that are transported at both low and high speeds throughout the length of the tube. The capsules are supported on a cushion of air, featuring pressurized air and aerodynamic lift. The capsules are accelerated via a magnetic linear accelerator affixed at various stations on the low pressure tube with rotors contained in each capsule. Passengers may enter and exit Hyper loop at stations located either at the ends of the tube, or branches along the tube length .In this study, the initial route, preliminary design, and logistics of the Hyper loop transportation system have been derived. The system consists of capsules that travel between Amaravathi, Vijayawada and Vijag. The total one way trip time is 35 minutes from county line to county line. The capsules leave on average every 2minutes from each terminal carrying 70 people each (as often as every 30 seconds during rush hour and less frequently at night). This gives a total of 77.4 million people per tube that can be transported each year on Hyper loop. The total cost of Hyper loop is under $6 billion USD for two one-way tubes and 40 capsules. Amortizing this capital cost over 20years and adding daily operational costs gives a total of$20 USD plus operating costs per one-way ticket on the passenger Hyper loop

The industrial arrangement and their basics are unprotected to hazardous environments and therefore behavior should be given a due consideration in the design and execution. Likewise are employed in design of the landfills as impermeable membranes in line for to their low permeability. Clay liners remove or limit the movement of leachate from the landfills. The landfills liners are unprotected to numerous chemical, biological and physical events, due to movement of leachate through them. The properties of pollutants on clays are multipart due primarily to exchange or nature of pore fluid. There are sum of mechanisms through which separate contaminants affect the engineering things. Including chemical reactions such as dissolution or precipitation and physic-chemical occurrences, disturbing intermolecular forces of water solutions. The compressive operative stress in liners, when applied during permeation may performance a key character in controlling the chemically induced changes in hydraulic conductivity and compressibility.

In the present study fourty five years instrumental record (1970-2015) of four meteorological stations (Srinagar, Pahalgam, Qazigund and Gulmarg) located in different physiographic divisions in the valley of Kashmir was analysed.GCM data was also employed to project future temperature and rainfall of the Kashmir valley upto 21st century. It was observed that temperature shows an increasing trend at all the four stations while as precipitation shows a decreasing trend over the coming century.

Artificial neural network technique was used to carry out the downscaling of the GCM predictors. The large scale GCM predictors were related to observed precipitation and temperature. So the future projections of climate were made under A1B and A2 scenario upto 21st century using CGCM3 model. At the end of the 21st century the mean annual temperature of the Jhelum river basin is predicted to increase by 1.43°C under A1B scenario and 1.56°C under A2 scenario using ANN technique whereas the average annual precipitation is predicted to decrease substantially by 30.88% and 35.32% respectively under A1B and A2 Scenario by ANN technique

The research focuses on the importance of the open and green spaces according to the residential unit and its role in filling the void of the actual need of the population for this type of spaces because of the negligence of the green spaces and lack of the most basic requirements and overtaking them by random construction ,we took the locality of 636 of Amiriyah, as a model for the study and during the field visits and getting maps and using the Arc map program we calculated the green areas and compared it with the approved standards, and the proportionality of the area with the size of the population as well as to identify the person share of those spaces and also studying the reality of the locality , and the size of the changes experienced by the homes because of the circumstances experienced by the country such as overrun the private gardens because of the housing deficit, generating a significant shortfall in those areas hence the importance of research came from by finding alternatives and solutions to the shortfall of those spaces that achieve the best results for the development of the locality as a model can be applied to all residential areas.

Concept of Concrete-filled steel tube is of recent origin where in the steel pipe is utilized to constraint its core concrete and make the core concrete under complex stress state so that concrete strength can be improved for its ductility and toughness . This structure possesses high bearing load capacity, good ductility, good anti-seismic performance, fire resistance property and low cost. It has been widely used in the civil engineering, such as bridge structures, high-rise buildings, and industrial plants and so on. Now a days , the concrete-filled steel tube has been studied a lot and have made great progress, However, for its Monotonic Loading, the concrete fill results in good bearing capacity, and compression loading is very difficult to realize. The concrete columns under compression is common form of engineering structures. Hence, it is necessary to study the failure and damage process of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) column with M20,M25,M30,M40 grade of concrete under compression load. Experimental Results of Concrete filled steel tubes (CFST) column with M20,M25,M30, and M40MPa grade of concrete obtained by Previous Research (From VTU R& D project conducted at R & D Centre, Civil Engineering Department, Ghousia College of Engineering, Ramnagaram) will be modeled for Fracture Analysis and compared with actual fracture of Concrete filled steel tubes (CFST) columns using the ABAQUS /CAE 6.10-1. Proper Analytical modeling will be carried out taking in to account all fracture parameters and justified with ABAQUS. Ultimate load for all the above four infill’s, after crack will be determined.

Hydrological modelling such as rainfall-runoff modeling and climate modelling is one of the most important and challenging task in the modern world. In general, climate, rainfall and runoff are highly non-linear and complicated phenomena, which require advanced computer modeling and simulation for their accurate prediction. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) can be used to predict the behavior of such nonlinear systems. ANN has been successfully used by most of the researchers in this field for the last twenty-five years. This paper provides a survey of available literature of some methodologies employed by different researchers to utilize ANN for rainfall-runoff and climate change prediction. The survey also reports that such hydrological modelling using ANN technique is more suitable than traditional statistical and numerical methods.