Chemical Engineering

Reservoirs containing heavy oil are usually produced using any of the enhanced thermal oil recovery techniques. Steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) technique was used to extract heavy oil from the reservoir investigated. With the CMG STARS software, a theoretical analysis was performed and a numerical model was developed to simulate gravity-assisted steam-flood for a well that was subjected to thermal recovery technique where energy in the form of heat was supplied into the reservoir. Development of the simulation model was used for history matching. Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the relationship between viscosity and temperature. Additional well placement was also modeled for production optimization. The methods applied and results obtained provide a platform for predicting production performance and establishes ways to improve recovery.

Today, multi-stage compressors serve in many industry branches. The multi-stage compressor design is primarily focused on storage or process conditions. Outside of the guaranteed time that the compressor manufacturer ensures, material fatigue and other mechanical problems that occur during process cause off-design operation of compressors. In this study, the relative Mach number in the discharge and inducer, including the non-dimensional mass flow rate are studied and compared with appropriate available theory.

Produced water represents more than 80% of the volume of waste generated by activities in the oil and gas industry. This is an enormous waste and should be handled and disposed of in a manner that should avoid negative environmental consequences. This paper details laboratory analysis for the removal of some of the harmful chemical and physical properties. Produced water was collected from A-field in the Niger Delta using 250 ml sterile sample bottle. At the end of the analysis, results show that removal of these harmful properties is dependent on the type of treatment proffer as the individual properties have different characteristics of the produced water quality and its origin. Compounds such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phenols, and other chemical product which are used to facilitate petroleum production recovery contribute to oilfield water pollution.

This research was aimed at investigating solid particles settling in drilling fluid - Power law fluid in relation to rheological properties of the fluid. Fluid of various densities and rheologies were prepared in the laboratory. Hydroxyl methyl cellulose (HEC) was used in this proportion 5.0, 2.5, 1.5, and 0.5 g/liter to change the rheology of the fluid with a fluid density range from 1.003 to 1.513 g/cm3. The results show that larger particles diameter enhance the particle settling behaviour and increases settling velocities. Also increased fluid density reduces particle settling velocity and increases fluid viscosity. The largest effect on the particle settling is achieved at high fluid viscosity. Therefore, it is recommended that fluids for cutting removal should be designed with a higher consistency index K in order to increase the fluid viscosity and thereby overcome the settling behaviour.

Soil that was artificially polluted with Escravos light crude oil was degraded with hydrocarbon degrading micro-organisms isolated from crude oil contaminated soil in Niger Delta area. The micro-organisms isolated and applied included Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens and Proteus myxofaciens immobilized in coconut fibre as a carrier. The results of the laboratory analysis showed that the immobilized micro-organisms bacteria had good self-life with micro-organisms load of 5.43 x 108 cfu/ml and 2.52 x 1019 cfu/ml on the first and 28 days respectively. The results gotten from immobilized micro-organisms system are good for the biodegradation of hydrocarbons. At the expiration of 28 days of applying the immobilized micro-organisms system in the laboratory scale degrading of Escravos light crude oil, the remaining concentration of total hydrocarbon decreased to 14.36 % for one of the samples compared to the remaining concentration of total hydrocarbon of 85.31 % in the control sample. Therefore, the immobilized micro-organisms system using coconut fibre as a carrier can serve as an effective and fast biodegradation tool for cleaning up petroleum hydrocarbon polluted soil at low cost.

The contamination of water by toxic heavy metals is a worldwide problem. The presence of hexavalent chromium in waste water is a potential hazard to aquatic life and humans. Biosorption of heavy metals is an important technique used in the removal of toxic metals from various sources like industrial waste, aqueous systems and municipal waste waters. Metal removal technique using non-conventional adsorbents such as microorganisms are cheap because of the low cost of adsorbents used and many represent a practical replacement to conventional processes. There are various mechanisms such as kinetic models and adsorption isotherms employed for the efficient removal of hexavalent chromium from various sources. The present review discusses brief findings of hexavalent chromium removal with the maximum metal uptake by using living and non-living microorganisms as adsorbents.

This study is focus on the conversion and optimization of cassava peel to bioethanol. Classical optimization technique was employed in studying the process variables effect of temperature, acid concentration, cassava peel concentration and time of hydrolysis of cassava peel to glucose. Optimum glucose yield of 78mg/ml was obtained at the temperature of 100oC, acid concentration of 0.40mole, cassava peel concentration of 2g/L and hydrolysis time of 45 minutes. After which the glucose obtained from hydrolysis of cassava peel was fermented to produce bioethanol using a classical optimization technique for the effects of pH, temperature, yeast concentration, glucose concentration and fermentation time on bioethanol yield. Results obtained revealed that the optimum yield of 45.50% of bioethanol was obtained at the pH of 5, fermentation temperature of 35oC, yeast concentration of 10%, glucose concentration of 100g/L and fermentation time of 6 days. The bioethanol produced from cassava peel was characterized to determine the kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, flash point, refractive index, distillation property, sulphur content, octane number and water content. Results obtained on the properties of the bioethanol produced revealed that that the bioethanol produced shows corresponding fuel properties recommended by ASTM, thus providing a good alternative fuel of clean and renewable resource and establishing the potential for bioethanol commercialisation.

Greenhouse gases have an important role in understanding earth climate history. Based on these studies greenhouse effect which produces heat due to trapping of heat by greenhouse gases in adjusting earth temperature, Climate change refers to the oscillations in earth global or regional climate in time interval and defines those changes that fluctuate with mean atmospheric conditions or average weather (common) in timescale intervals which fluctuate between decades to million years. Researches and specialists believed that with using of pure energies like solar, windy and heat ground energy and etc, instead of energies cause by fossil fuels will impede of environmental protection implication. So the average volume of light shining at a day is 4 kilowatt H/m2 and the average volume of sunny hour is more than 2800 hour at a year. These changes may have been resulted from earth internal processes or forces beyond it or in recent times due to activities related to the man-made climatically changes. Especially in recent application in the subject of environment policy, the expression of; climate change; often refers to the current changes in new climate.

Carbonic gas by chemical formula CO2 and having acidic property (weak) has many uses as a primal material or intermediate. The first step in produce CO2 gas is diesel combustion. Basically, the conventional methods of fuel combustion, the burning of excess air for complete combustion is used but the CO2 gas production unit must be careful that the air was completely theoretical and no excess air is consider. Because of the separation of CO2 from combustion gases, Mono Ethanol Amine (MEA) solvent is used. This solvent is an amine alcohol with the chemical formula , that because of having alcohol structure is highly sensitive to oxygen And in contact with free oxygen, the alcohol agent becomes to aldehyde and acid That eventually led to the deterioration of the solvent can cause several side effects such as decrease in production rate, the loss of solvent, the phenomenon of corrosion, foam and …This article examines the designed parameters of carbonic gas production unit's solvents in the way of diesel combustion.

It is the provision of energy that meets the demands of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs. It includes all renewable energy sources such as hydroelectricity, wind energy, solar energy, wave power, geothermal, bio energy and tidal energy. It also includes technologies that designed to improve energy efficiency. The renewable energy technologies are mainly grouped into three sectors as first, second and third generation technologies. Green energy and energy conservation techniques comes under the category of sustainable energy development. Many European countries employ these techniques in the local level. These techniques are implemented right from energy carriers such as hydrogen and liquid nitrogen carriers. The recent statistic figures show that these green sustainable energies of rapid importance as the planet earth is suffering from global warming. This sustainable energy development has got links with all the sectors of energy such as energy production, conservation, and decrease of pollution and to implement techniques that are eco friendly.