Applied Chemistry

The study includes the determination of Ni (II) using azo reagent Benzenesulfonate, 4,4’-[3-(2-pyridinyl)-1,2,4-triazine-5,6-diyl]bis-, hydrogen sodium salt (1:1:1) spectrophotometric at (?max 562 nm) wave length. The effect of different parameters on determination is evaluated. The study shows that best PH=(7±0.1). The study includes obey concentration of Beer-Lambert law to determination of the calibration graph of Ni(II) by reagent. From this graph we note obey the concentration of law was between (2-50) µg of Ni(II) after this values the absorbance increased. The stoichiometry of complex Nickel ion determined by molar ratio method. Result indicated reagent to metal ratio was (1:2) the stability constant of the complex determination through mole ratio method and its value indicated good stability. The UV-Vis spectra and the IR spectra of the complex and reagent were measured. From all mentioned studies proposed structural formula of Ni(II) complex.

The oxidation of pyrazinamide in acidic media is carried out using potassium permanganate as a oxiding agent. The reaction was monitored using UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 525 nm. It was found to be first order with respect to oxidant,, fractional order with respect to hydrogen ion concentration and first order with respect to substrate. The thermodynamic parameters (were determinied . The average (?G^#) was found to be 87.91 KJ/mol. The values ?S^# was found to be -0.1888 KJ/mole and energy of activation was found to be 31.36 KJ/mole.  A suitable mechanism is proposed based on the experimental conditions.

A rapid, simple, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Molybdenum (VI) using Cinnamaldehyde thosemicabazone (CMTSC). Molybdenum (VI) forms a green coluored water-soluble complex with CMTSC in presence of Triton-X (100) (5%) (micellar medium) and the complex shows maximum absorbance while the reagent blank shows negligible absorbance at lmax 400 nm and at pH 4.0. Beer's law was obeyed in the range 0.095-0.959 mg/mL and the optimum concentration range from ringbom plot was 0.191-0.863 mg/mL of Molybdenum (VI). The molar absorptivity and Sandell's sensitivity for the coloured solution are found to be 5.05x104 L mol-1cm-1 and 0.0018-µg.cm-2 respectively. The interference effect of various diverse ions has been studied. The complex shows 1:1 [Mo (VI): CMTSC] stoichiometry with stability constant 3.5x105. The standard deviation of the method in the determination of 0.383-µg ml-1 of Molybdenum (VI) was 0.001. First and second order derivative spectrophotometric methods are developed at lmax 420 nm and 440 nm respectively for the determination of Molybdenum (VI) which was more sensitive than the zero order method. The developed method has been used for the determination of Molybdenum (VI) in foodstuffs, pharmaceutical samples and in alloys. The results are in good agreement with the certified values.

The nutrient compositions of some of the most common cereal grains consumed in Eastern Nigeria were determined. The cereal grains used were white corn, yellow corn, popcorn and sorghum. The cereal grains had very reasonable values of carbohydrate. The carbohydrate values ranged from 66.30% in sorghum to 76.19% in popcorn. The protein values were low, ranging from 7.82% in popcorn to 14.99% in sorghum. They had very low values of crude fat, ranging from 3.03% in Sorghum to 5.01% in yellow corn. Sorghum had a better source of potassium (350.27±0.23mg/100g) and calcium (22.71±2.30mg/100g). Phosphorus was comparatively higher in white corn (279.45±1.24 mg/100g), yellow corn (288.85±0.26 mg/100g) and popcorn (289.78±0.83 mg/100g) than in sorghum. White corn, yellow corn and popcorn had very low values of copper and manganese while these minerals were not detected in sorghum. Popcorn (131.2±1.39 mg/100g) and yellow corn (126.4±1.39 mg/100g) had high values of magnesium while sorghum had the least value (4.00±1.39 mg/100g).The cereal grains had Na/K ratios less than one implying that their consumption would probably reduce blood pressure disease. The cereal grains had very low values of Vitamin C. Vitamin E was found in trace amounts in white corn, yellow corn and popcorn but vitamins A and E were not detected in Sorghum. Thiamin and riboflavin were present in the cereal grain samples in small amounts. However, yellow corn had the highest value of niacin (3.45±0.01 mg/100g). The anti-nutritional principles in the various cereal grains were very low. The very low values of these principles imply that their consumption will have no adverse health implications. Generally, blending of the various cereal grains in food processing will be of great benefit to human nutrition and health.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of bleaching red palm oil with fuller’s earth, kaolin, charcoal and activated carbon on some of the physico-chemical characteristics. Each of the adsorbent materials was separately employed in the bleaching of the crude palm oil sample. In the removal of colour, fuller’s earth showed highest ability (67.23%) in the removal of carotenes (R-Band). Charcoal (56.50%) compared favourably to fuller’s earth in the removal of carotenes. However, the adsorbent materials- fuller’s earth (3.96%), kaolin (4.32%) and charcoal (5.04%) showed very poor, but comparable abilities in the removal of xanthophylls (Y-Band) from the palm oil sample. Bleaching of the red palm oil sample with the adsorbents resulted in total colour reduction of 58.20% with fuller’s earth, 40.14% with kaolin; 49.50% with charcoal and 38.87% with activated carbon. The lovibond tintometer scale was used in the colour measurements. Generally, bleaching with the adsorbents resulted to reductions in the colour mixture content, free fatty acid (FFA) content, peroxide value (POV) and the unsaponifiable matter content but increased the melting point (M.Pt.OC) and the cloud point of the bleached oil samples. The treatment with the adsorbents showed no pronounced effect on the saponification numbers, iodine values, specific gravities and the refractive indices of the bleached oil samples.

Tetrapleura tetraptera is a medicinal plant of the mimosaceae family. The fruits have drawn much research attention and to the neglect of the seeds. Therefore, this study was focused on the comparative study of the chemical compositions of the seed and fruit of Tetrapleura tetraptera. The results revealed very reasonable values of all the nutrients in both the fruit and seed. However, the seed had higher values of crude fat (9.72 ± 11.1%), ash (8.61 ± 0.81%), carbohydrate (62.95 ± 1.15%) and energy (383.92 ± 6.84g/cal) than the fruit and lower, but comparable, value of crude protein (11.16 ± 0.3%). The seed had higher values of calcium, sodium, potassium and all the trace mineral elements than the fruit. However, magnesium and phosphorus were not detected in the seed. The seed and the fruit were found to be very rich in the B-group vitamins but poor in vitamin C. The seed had higher values of riboflavin (21.2 ± 0.05mg/kg) and niacin (3.4 ± 0.01mg/kg) while the fruit had higher values of ascorbic acid (5.5 ± 1.5mg/100g), thiamine (10.8 ± 0.05mg/kg) and vitamin A (115.50IU/100g). High values of alkaloids, tannins and flavonoids were also revealed in both the seed and fruit. However, the fruit had higher values of alkaloids (4.4 ± 0.02%), flavonoids (8.66 ± 0.08%) and oxalates (0.56 ±0.01%) while the seed had higher values of tannins (2.28 ± 0.05%), Saponins (1.44 ± 0.2%) and HCN (0.22 ± 0.01mg/kg). The varied biological and pharmacological properties of the fruit have been attributed to the presence of such principles as tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, alkaloids, steroids and flavonoids. Therefore, the presence of all these principles in the seed, as well, suggests that the seed can equally serve some medicinal as well as food purposes.

An expedious one pot, synthesis of bis (indolyl) methane was achieved in quantative yield, utilizing indole and substituted aromatic aldehyde using 5-SulphoSalicyclic Acid as a catalyst at room temperature within a short period of time.

number of thiophene, pyridine, pyrimidine, and 1,2,4-triazine derivatives were obtained via interaction of 3-Oxo-N-{4-[(2,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl-amino)sulphonyl]phenyl} butanamide (1) with different reagents. The new synthesized compounds were confirmed by their infrared, mass spectrum, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and elemental analyses, and further screened for antimicrobial activity.