Applied Chemistry

The present investigation aims to study and characterize the dyeing performance of cotton fabrics finished with finishing bath formulation containing emulsion lattices based on acrylate monomers, chitosan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with improvement of dyeing properties with acid and reactive dyes.The finished cotton samples are examined and evaluated through measuring nitrogen content and the Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR). Evidences of finishing were obtained by IR from the appearance of CO bands absorbance and the reducing of relative intensity of OH, with respect to cotton. The dyeing performance of the finished cotton fabrics includedng testing of ; dye-ability(k/s), percentage dye fixation , colour parameters(L*,a*,b* and colour difference(?E) and estimated light fastness grades with respect to the different used chitosan concentration in the finishing bath formulation.The work involved also studying the effect of different dyeing times on all of the last stated parameters.The obtained results showed that dye-uptake increased by increasing chitosan concentration in the finishing bath , the applied reactive dye showed the highest percentage increase in both dye-ability and percentage dye fixation .In addition the estimated light fastness reating values of all of the examined fabrics where these rating grade values increased by increasing both chitosan concentration in the finishing agent and dyeing time .In addition , the applied acid dye recorded the highest light fastness values reaching (4-5) for(3gm) chitosan after one hour dyeing compared to a rating value of (3)for blank fabrics assessed on standard gray scale.

Characterization and phytochemical screening of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir dust was carried out. Studies were carried out on the extraction and characterization of unmodified coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir using water, acetone, acetone/water (70/30), (50/50) respectively. The percentage extract decreased in the following order:  acetone/water (70/30) > water > acetone > acetone/water (50/50). Amount of extract obtained from a fixed mass of coir dust increased with decreased particle sizes: 150µm > 300µm > 600µm for all solvent systems. The amount of extract obtained using water as extractant increased with increase in volume in the order of:  400mL > 200 mL > 100 mL of water. Characterization of unmodified coir dust reveal the moisture, ash, lignin, cellulose contents and pH of aqueous solution as 25.20%, 9.0%, 53.5%, 35.99% and 6.4 respectively. Phytochemical screening of acetone coir extract for the presence of active ingredients such as tannins, flavonoids, polyphenols, phlobatannins,  and also reveals the absence of saponins, anthraquinones.

Nickel (II) complexes and Copper (II) complexes with the two ligands TPA and 2-N-benzyl TPA with nitrate anion are prepared. The isolated solid complexes are subjected to various physical measurements, such as conductivity measurements, and spectral behaviour apart from the chemical analysis.

The depletion of high grade reserves coupled with increasing market pressure for improved product quality has forced phosphate producers to re-examine their process flow-sheets and evaluate alternate or supplement processing routes. The world is rich in phosphate resources, but most of these resources are of middle and low grade ores, in the same time it is difficult to obtain high grade concentrate with high recovery using traditional separation methods. As a result of increasing complex mineralogy, steadily decreasing ore grades and ever increasing economic and environmental problems, the mineral processing industry over the past decade had to evolve appropriate means to beneficiate low grades phosphate ores deposits. Some of the important emerging trends and the evolutionary changes which have occurred in mineral processing technology are reviewed. New treating methods such as column flotation, nano-bubble flotation technique, application of amphoteric collectors, bio-processing, and application of surface modification using enzymes help to beneficiate low grade phosphate ores.

This experiment is a continuation of our effort to develop drug delivery carrier of Gum Arabic GA (Acacia Senegal) gum Arabic-g-3,3-dimethyl acrylic acid for a cancer. The effect of graft reaction conditions on the percentage of graft efficiency and percentage of graft yield in the graft copolymerization were investigated. It was observed that grafting parameters such as 3,3-dimethyl acrylic acid, ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN), Gum Arabic (GA), temperature and reaction time have remarkable influence on the percentage of graft efficiency and percentage of graft yield of the graft copolymer. Optimum the percentage of graft efficiency and percentage of graft yield were (26%) and (75.5%). Evidence of grafting was confirmed by comparison of FTIR spectra of GA, 3,3-dimethyl acrylic acid and the grafted copolymer as well as scanning electron micrography (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction of the product.

Algerian oil as a new source of carbon is used to prepare the carbon nanospheres (CNSs) by pyrolysis method. A mixture of crude oil and FeCl3.6H2O solution as catalyst was injected into the reaction furnace to produce CNSs in an inert atmosphere, followed by multi step purification to remove different impurities. The carbon nanospheres have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-rays spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and FTIRspectrum. The SEM image reveals that these CNSs have smooth surfaces and uniform particles with a diameter lower than 500 nm. the XRD and Raman studies shows that the graphitization degree of CNSs is not high , while the EDAX analysis shows that more than 98 % of the CNSs is carbon, FTIR proved the presence of new functions after samples treatment such as acid function. This study reports the optimization of various process parameters such as, temperature of reaction (860-940°C), process Time (90-150min)and mass ratio catalyst/Crude oil (0.83 10-3-2.4810-3 g/g) for increasing the Yield of CNSs. A MODDE 6.0 experimental design was employed for the optimization of synthesis of crude oil to ensure high production of carbon nanospheres in a low catalyst concentration and high temperature for a short length of time. The analysis of variance showed a high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.965) and Maximum CNSs production was predicted and experimentally validated, the optimized process conditions were identified to be reaction temperature of 900°C, duration synthesis of 113min and mass ratio catalyst /crude oil of 0.8 10-3 g/g with a yield of 13.23 %.

To understand complexation behavior of antibiotics, such streptomycin, tetracycline and oxime with studied oxovanadium coordination to novel ligands by various spectroscopic techniques. The crystal system, lattice parameters, unit cell, particle size and volume have been determined by X-ray powder diffraction data. The geometries of the complexes have been optimized on the basis of molecular modeling. Spectroscopic data indicates deprotonation & coordination of the secondary alcoholic OH and NH₂groups with oxovanadium. Mass spectrum explains the successive degradation of the molecular species in solution and justifies ML complexes. The crystal data: complex I is monoclinic crystal system space group P_21/M, a =14.4998(A),b =5.9531(A),c=4.4909(A),? =90.00°,? =96.29°,? = 90.00° , V = 385.44A³; complex II is tetragonal crystal system, space group P_4/mm, a=12.6313(A),b =12.6313(A),c=6.3494(A)? = 90.00° ?=90.00 °  ?=90.00° V =1013.06 A³. Molecular structures of the complexes have been optimized by MM2 calculations and supported octahedral arrangements in both complexes.

A theoretical and experimental study on [Mn(Benzene)2]2+ has been undertaken in the gas phase. The ions were prepared using a combination of the pick-up technique and high energy electron impact, and then held in a cold ion trap where they were excited with tuneable UV radiation and further activated with methane. The following [Mn(Benzene)2 CH4]2+, [Mn(Benzene)2(CH4)2]+, [Mn(Benzene)2(CH4)2H2O)]+ and [Mn(Benzene)2CO2(CH3)2]+ were successfully identified after the experimental analysis. Two optimised geometries of [Mn(Benzene)2]2+ were observed, namely the C2V eclipse and C2 staggered . The DFT calculated binding energy of methane to manganese benzene dication complex ion [Mn(Benzene)2]2+ at BP86/6- 311++G(d, p) is 15.30 kJ/mol comparing with the calculated 20.55 kJ/mol recorded on the potential energy curve (PEC). The difference of about 5.25 kJ/mol results from the fact that the calculated charge on the manganese metal centre at the optimised geometry of [Mn(Benzene)2 CH4]2+ was 1.30 while a charge of Mn=2.0 was assumed in the PEC calculation.

Kaolin is a clay material consisting of substantially pure kaolinite. Kaolin is used in many industrial applications such as ceramic, paint and paper industries. This paper aims to study, for the first time, the beneficiation of Libya kaolin ore. Attrition scrubbing and classification were used to separate the free silica. Wet high intensity magnetic separation was applied to remove colored contaminants. The kaolinite mineral content increased from 63.5 % to 85 %. The whiteness and brightness of kaolin concentrates were efficiently improved. A final kaolin products containing 0.79 – 0.85% Fe2O3 and 0.66 – 0.68% TiO2 were obtained with whiteness about 85%.

The presence of pathogens in drinking water may result from source water contamination by human and animal activities, followed by improper or insufficient treatment. The study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of water produced at the Kwanyako Water Treatment Plant in the Central the Region of Ghana. Triplicate water samples of Raw and Final water were collected in sterile 500ml polypropylene bottles, and analysed for thermotolerant coliform (TTC) using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method to determine the bacteriological quality of water before and after treatment. The study was carried out for a period of 6 months (September, 2013 to February 2014). TTC was positive for all Raw water samples but negative for all Final water samples. This implied that, the water produced at the Treatment plant is efficiently treated and poses no health threat.