Applied Chemistry

This study focuses on Sô-Ava’s population well-being regarding to drinking water quality especially in the villages of Ahomey- lokpo and Ahomey-ounmey. Samples of water were taken at three kinds of sites (bollard fountains, river sô and shallows) and analysed for searching their physico-chemical and microbiogical characteristics. The differents parameters values obtained are sometimes higher than standards. Indeed for example the averages are ranged from 0,0264mg/L to 0,5247 mg/L for nitrites and from 0,73mg/L to 2,86 mg/L for total iron. Averages microbiological parameters also range in 0-19600 UFC/100mL for faecal coliforms and 42-560 UFC/100mL for total coliforms and finally 0-190 UFC/100mL for faecal streptococcus.

Background: Iron oxide nanoparticles can be used for medical imaging, disease diagnosis, drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy and other cases. These particles accumulate in liver cells and lead to oxidative stress with generation of reactive oxygen species. Aim: This study investigates the effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on liver tissue and enzymes [alanine aminotransfere (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)] in male rat. Methods: 40 adult male rats of wistar strain, weighing 250-300 g were used for this study. The rats were randomly assigned to four groups. One group was control and other three groups were fed with iron oxide nanoparticles at 20, 50 and 150 µg/kg concentrations respectively for 15 days. Venous blood was taken to measure liver enzymes at the end of treatment. Liver of rats removed for histological experiments. Results: Significantly enhanced (P<0.05) AST level obtained as well as ALT and ALP level with used of maximum concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles (150 µg/kg) as compared to normal group. Conclusion: Based on our result, using high concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles could be caused undesirable effects on liver with damage to hepatocyte and level elevation of liver enzymes.

Response Surface Methodology was used to evaluate the interactions of carbonization temperatures of adsorbents and concentrations of adsorbates on the adsorption capacities and removal efficiencies of activated carbons obtained from flamboyant (Delonix regia) pod bark (FB), milk bush (Thevetia peruviana) kernel shell (MB) and rice (Oryza sativa) husks (RH). The activated carbons produced at various temperatures (300 – 6000C) were used to adsorb concentrations (50 – 150 mg/L) of naphthalene and acenaphthene in a batch process at 150 rpm. The amount adsorbed was quantified with gas chromatography (GC-FID). Two factors interaction (2FI) model , showed that the interactions between increasing activation temperature of the adsorbents and increasing concentrations of the adsorbates increased the adsorption capacity of the MB while the adsorption capacities of FB and RH were reduced. The order of suitability of the adsorbents is MB > RH > FB and MB > FB > RH, respectively.

The efficiencies of activated carbons prepared from oil cake of Sesamum Indicum by thermal and sulphuric acid activation wereinvestigated for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Various parameters as a function of contact time, initialpH, initial adsorbent dosage and metal ion concentrations were studied. The optimum time required for the maximum removal of Cd(II) was found to be 1 hr for TAGOC and 2 hrs for STGOC. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms showed that activated carbon has high affinity and sorption capacity for Cd(II) with monolayer sorption capacities of 44.92 mg/g for TAGOC and 35.97 mg/g for STGOC. The kinetic study indicated that the pseudo-second order rate equation better described the adsorption process. The adsorbent efficiency was also tested for the removal of Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) from synthetic electroplating wastewater. The results indicated that the prepared both activated carbons are efficient (99.9%), alternative low-cost adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) and other metal ions from waste water.

Corrosion inhibition of ethanol stem extract of Costus lucanusianus (ESECL) was studied on mild steel and aluminium by weight loss method. The constituents of the extract identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) were forty one (41) compounds with 13-Octadecenal, (Z)-(14.39 %) and 9-Octadecenoic acid, 12-hydroxy-, methyl ester, [R-(Z)]- (11.49 %) as the major compounds. Weight loss method revealed that as the concentration of inhibitor increased, the corrosion rate decreased and inhibition efficiency increased. Maximum corrosion inhibition efficiencies of 91% and 85% were obtained in 1 g/l concentration at low temperatures for mild steel and aluminium, respectively. The adsorption followed physisorption mechanism. Positive values of ?H suggested that the process was endothermic, and negative values of ?S suggested a decrease in the disorderliness of the system from thermodynamic approach. The adsorption model showed that Freundlich adsorption isotherm was the best fit for the process.

The present study evaluated the properties of polymeric blend films obtained from chitin and bentonite by the casting/solvent evaporation method. Polymer blend films of chitin and bentonite were prepared from homogeneous solutions in trichloroacetic acid at various proportions of chitin and bentonite. The cross linking agent like formaldehyde were incorporated into the polymer blends to improve the properties such as mechanical strength, tensile strength, surface hardness, stiffness, resistance to temperature and solvent attack. The structure and physical properties of the blend films were analyzed by Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle XRD analysis. FTIR analyses confirmed that interactions were present between the hydroxyl groups of bentonite and amide group of chitin (lone pair of electrons available on nitrogen atom) in the blend films. Thermo gravimetric analyses showed that in the blend films, the thermal stability increased with increasing bentonite content. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies revealed an endothermic peak corresponding to water evaporation around 100?C in the films and an exothermal peak corresponding to the decomposition in the chitin side chain and blend films. The chitin-bentonite blend films exhibited a higher thermal stability in the presence of cross linking agents (formaldehyde) was found out.

Thisstudy compares the heat transfer coefficients for film and dropwise condensation of steam.Copper tube was coated with oleic acid to promote dropwise condensation of steam rather than a continuous film. Excellent dropwise condensation was observed when the cooling surface was coated with oleic acid, and this helps to enhance droplet formation without wetting the surface.The experimental results shows that the value of overall heat transfer coefficient is 50000 W/m2K in dropwise and 12500W/m2K in filmwise condensation.Thus, theoverall heat transfer coefficients during dropwise condensation are approximately four times greater than those during filmwise condensation at the same surface subcooling degrees.

this present study, adsorption capacity of groundnut shell activated carbon coated with Fe3O4 as a low cost adsorbent for removal of cationic dye, Rhodamine B (RDB) from aqueous solution was explored. The surface morphology and functional groups present were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of various parameters such as contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage and concentration of adsorbate were studied at ambient temperature. Equilibrium data were analysed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Kinetic data were studied using Pseudo-first and Pseudo-second order kinetic models and the mechanism of adsorption was described by intraparticle diffusion model.

The Corrosion inhibition of a inhibitor namely Zn complex of 1-(8-hydroxy quinolin-2yl-methyl) urea (Zn-HUF) in controlling corrosion of mild steel immersed in aqueous solution containing 60 ppm Cl- has investigated using weight loss method. The corrosion inhibition efficiency offered by 50 ppm of Zn-HUF is 74 %. The corrosion inhibition was observed due to the formation of more stable and compact protective film on the metal surface. Fluorescence spectral analysis was used to detect the presence of iron-inhibitor complex. Polarization study and Electrochemical Impedance spectra confirm the formation of a protective film formed on the metal surface.

The levels of fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols were determined in the raw, roasted and cooked wholeseeds flour of Treculia africana. Results showed crude fat varied from 2.90 – 8.67 g/100 g; SFA from 18.7 – 31.2 % of total fatty acids, total polyunsaturated unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) varied from 34.7 – 46.8 % and MUFA/SFA ranged from 0.962 – 2.89, PUFA/SFA ranged from 1.05 – 2.50, n-6/n-3, EPSI (PUFA/MUFA), LA/aLA and EPA/DHA ranged from 7.80 – 28.8, 0.830 – 1.35, 30.4 – 237 and 0.530 – 1.21 respectively. The samples had high levels of n-6 fatty acids but low in n-3 fatty acids. In the phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine was highest in the raw wholeseed flour whereas phosphatidylinositol was highest both in roasted and cooked wholeseed flours with respective values of 733 and 733 (mg/100 g). The sterol values in the samples varied from: raw (7.9e-8 – 98.4); roasted (3.1e-7 - 302) and cooked (5.40e-6 – 309) mg/100 g. In all the samples, cholesterol was of the least concentration. In all nutrient parameters considered, roasted and cooked wholeseed flours were better than the raw wholeseed flour. Correlation coefficient was significantly and positively high at r = 0.05 in: the crude fats, total fatty acids and energy; fatty acids, fatty acids as food, energy contribution from fatty acids and sterols.