Production

Awareness of the correct form of the money-demand function of a country is necessary to adopt monetary policies in each country's economy. Also, recognition of the stability of money demand plays a key role in economic decision making. This study has addressed the factors affecting money-demand in Iran during 1978-2016 using ARDL method and investigated its stability using CUSUM method. Most studies conducted in our country have used the variables of interest rate, national production, exchange rate and inflation rate as factors affecting money demand. The present study has used the variables of foreign assets of the central bank and government debts in addition to four variables mentioned in order to create a distinction with other similar studies, according to the results of the study carried out by Jindal (2016) and Opuka (2017). According to the results of the ARDL method, the variables of the government debts, national production, inflation, foreign reserves of the central bank and the exchange rate (which is based on the Opoku’s scientific theory (2017) and known as the wealth effect ) have a positive and significant effect on the money demand in Iran, and the interest rate has a negative and significant effect on money demand in Iran. According to the results of the CUSUM method, the money demand function in Iran is stable.

This short article addresses several prevailing issues evolving from the growth of Indian industries and portrays the prospective of India to be transformed into World’s manufacturing hub. Thereafter several criteria and sub-criteria are identified which are crucial in this regard. In order to understand the scope of India to turn out to be the potential manufacturing hub, a relative and comparative analysis has been carried out using a Multi Criteria Decision Analysis tool namely Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The result obtained, demonstrates that India is an automatic choice as the hub of manufacturing, since all the important resources are available in abundance.

This paper discusses the body of knowledge about Holonic Approach to theoretically demonstrate how Holonic Production System (HPS) can be a convincing choice to overcome the problems of traditional production systems’ architectures. Today, enterprises are trying to find ways to manage the growing environmental complexity that is well described by Complex Systems Theory (CST). After the focus on the main problem regarding environmental complexity, the Holonic system and the Holonic Production System will be analyzed. The paper will focus the potential of HPS to adapt and react to changes in the business environment whilst being able to maintain systemic synergies and coordination through the holonic structure where functional production units are simultaneously autonomous and cooperative.

Purchasing and supply management practices play very important role for the performance of the firm, both are recognized as key success factor for an organization. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship of purchasing and supply management practices with firm performance. In this research data is collected from 440 respondents with the help of questionnaire. The modeling includes regression technique to analyze impact of purchasing and supply management practices on firm performance. On the basis of results of the study it was found that the strategic purchasing and supply management practices have significant impact on firm performance. Study was carefully conducted. But there were some limitations. Research was conducted by covering small population of retail garment sector as in Rawalpindi and Islamabad Pakistan; it would be good if it is completed by covering more cities. 

Energy as electromagnetic waves has primary and secondary effects. Certain shapes have affect the secondary effect either positively or negatively. BioGeometry is dealing with shapes which affect positively on energy. BioGeometry has principles of designs which used during design shapes. Fashion designs also have elements and principles which used during clothing designs. The human body has an open energy system that is in instant exchange on the subtle energy level just as it is in other levels. The first boundary between the body's energy system and environment is on the level of what we aware, as a bounday our clothes affect the energy exchange in both directions. The object of this research is to study how this boundary can affect the quality of energy exchange in order to bring harmony within the human subtle energy system and have positive effect on the vitality, emotional and mental levels. In this research fashion design sketches were drawn. Their energy determined qualitatively, one sketch selected and modified by BioGeometry design principles and then , ten creative fashion designs applied which principles and elements of both BioGeometry and fashion design are analyized. Further studies needed to complete full observation.

The New Industrial Policy (NIP) was introduced in 1991. The key elements of the NIP are the abolition of licensing of capital goods, reduced list of industries to be reserved for the public sector, increasing foreign equity ownerships in domestic industries, private investment in infrastructure, freer import of capital goods, reduced tariff for consumer goods, de-regulation in small scale industrial units and allowing greater inflow as well as outflow of foreign investment. These aim to enhance productivity and efficiency in Indian industries by increasing competition, creating level playing field among public, private and foreign business and generating environment which is conducive for technological growth. Manufacturing growth is important for achieving balanced growth of the economy and generating adequate employment. For this purpose, it is necessary to determine the manufacturing growth that would help a higher growth rate of the economy as well as ensuring longer employment.

The process of economic development in an economy results in distinct structural changes. As a country progresses and the gross domestic product (GDP) basket enlarges, a shift in economic activity occurs away from agriculture towards services and manufacturing sectors, owing to higher elasticity of the latter two sectors than that of former sector. The process in turn leads to structural shifts, and consequent diminishing significance of primary activities and growing dominance of secondary and tertiary activities. This process brings with it significant changes in the production process, consumption pattern and various other social indicators. An in-depth understanding of inter-sectoral dynamics becomes all the more important for policy makers so that effective monetary, credit and fiscal policies could be designed in order to be able to achieve the broader objective of inclusive development. In this backdrop, the present paper endeavors to study linkages between agriculture and other Sectors in the Indian economy both through input-output (I-O) approach

Industrial cluster is an industrial organization mode formed from many enterprises and inter-related institutions with a certain geographic concentration. It is an effective way for the development of regional economy, and featured with agglomeration, symbiosis, flexibility, embeddedness, etc. Industrial eco-system is a recycling-oriented industrial system, in which the waste of one process can be utilized as the resource of a closed loop system, or becomes inputs for a new process, and ultimately all the materials, energy and information are sustainable used. Industrial ecosystem is characterized by the market-driven initiative, material flow circularity, the cooperation of industrial clusters and dynamic sustainability. Eco-industrial cluster can be categorized as the main-sub-industry derivative mode, multi-industry symbiosis mode, or artery- vein-industry circular mode

In India nature and pattern of industrialization has been undergoing complete change in the post reform era. In a market driven economy, survival and growth of entrepreneur will mean continuous up gradation and creation of the competitiveness in a globalised world, challenges of development of competitiveness are many. For this , the new age entrepreneur needs building up core capabilities constantly in order to improve quality of products, penetrate into new markets, creating brand images, sourcing new resources, upgrade skills and innovating new technology. While success of entrepreneurship much depends upon the technical and managerial skills, it also depends on his/her capability to process and organize resources efficiently. At present there are 350 SMEs clusters in India spread over traditional as well as modern sectors. Fast growing industrial states such as Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Delhi and NCR region have witnessed a large number successful SMEs induced by favorable state policies, market growth, both domestic and international market. Yet in vast majority of the areas, SMEs are not viable due to lack of technical knowledge, inability to access changing mood of the market, inability to bear financial and market risks. All these have constrained them to share the benefits of market economy. Due to inherent constraints embedded in size of operation, development of entrepreneurship in the SME sector is conditional to the development of favourable Government policies creating external economic environment.

WTO brings several important benefits to the members and its agreements helping in better market access and better policy implications. These agreements cannot tackle problems originating in developing countries due to poor domestic supply response, terms of trade changes or exogenous shocks, but opens up new markets for the member countries, efficiency gains, and growth of trade and inflow of foreign products. WTO assists commodity-producing Southeast Asian countries to improve their capacity for increasing the worth of their commodities through processing and manufacturing as well as marketing. At the same time, developing countries should press developed countries to reduce subsidy escalation and allow better market access for processed and commodity-based manufactured products, and thus help commodity producers reap better benefits from the trading system. Therefore WTO policies impact on Southeast Asian countries is positive as well as negative in some aspects. Improvement in production/marketing technology, provision or strengthening of basic infrastructural facilities such as those of packaging, transportation, storage, marketing information etc. and assured factor supplies which improve the comparative advantage can be helpful in increasing the export supply of major agricultural products i.e. coffee and tobacco. Policies and programmes which aim at reducing the yield risk in coffee and tea production will be helpful in increasing the export supply. These agreements significantly improve the stability of market access. WTO has also played a positive role in strengthening domestic policies for better management of agricultural sector crisis of Southeast Asian countries by making the healthy investment atmosphere over a longer period of time.