Finance

This study aims at analysing and determining the relationship between the efectivnes of Intellectual Capital and beneficial investment opportunity set in 81 Companies of listed in Tehran stock exchange during 85-90 years. In the analysis of the relationship between the variables and proving the hypothesis of the study, correlation method (simple regression and multiple regression) was used. The result show that ther was significant reletionship between the human capital, structural capital and employed capital efficiency with beneficial investment opportunity set, also ther wasnt any relationship between the effectiveness of Capital Intellectual and ratios of EPS-to-P. so that ther was significant relationship between effectiveness of Capital Intellectual and beneficial investment opportunity set. This means that the efficiency of human capital, structural capital and employed capital can be utilized as a valuable resource for profitable investment opportunities for companies to take account. It can be concluded that the effectiveness of intellectual capital, is a potentially benchmark for measuring and reporting of beneficial investment opportunity set.

The professional ethics of accountants is an important issue directly relating to the integrity of the profession and its ability to secure the public trust. A job that is proper for the ethics is the job that is done by showing the necessary attention in the best way.Businesses as the institutions operating in certain environmental conditions are affected not only by their environments in the decisions that they give; they also affect their environments by their decisions and actions. Businesses? understanding the impact of their actions on society and taking these effects into consideration while taking decision and applying to them are related to the sense of social responsibility.This study aims to analyze the concept of Principles, approaches and Ethical standards in the accounting profession and how these Ethical standards are formed. Ethical accounting requires the application of moral principles, ethical practices and ethical standards. So learn and develop the basic concepts of ethics in the accounting profession is an essential first step.

In the light of globalization and internationalization of world markets, foreign exchange risk has become one of the most difficult and persistent problems with which financial executives must cope. This risk cannot be avoided, but can be managed by hedging instruments. The need and approach for managing it depends on the size of exposure and fluctuations in exchange rate. Indian IT sector is known for development of software and it mainly depends on exports. They are required to measure and manage exchange rate risk. The survey study on IT firma attitude towards foreign exchange esposure management is virtually non-existent. Hence, an attempt is made in this paper to fill this gap, by documenting the Indian IT firms attitude towards forex exposure management practice.

The paper briefly described the operational mechanism innovation of key Microfinance Service Providers (MSPs) in Bangladesh. Grameen Bank has chosen to examine the approaches of microfinance. Grameen Bank is dominating microfinance market in Bangladesh in outreach, outstanding loans, savings, and efficient selected delivery mechanism. They offer micro-credit, savings and social services to the poor who were deprived from such access offered by conventional banks. Grameen Bank of Bangladesh is known worldwide for its innovative credit delivery to the rural poor. The bank offers loans to poor particularly the women in groups of five in order to create peer social pressure and solidarity which seems to work well in a society where social networks are often of vital Importance. Grameen Bank has been able to demonstrate the effectiveness of microfinance programs towards sustainable development for the rural poor in Bangladesh. The present study contributes to the literature on diverse microfinance approaches. The study may lead to further methodological improvement of the microfinance institutions in Bangladesh and elsewhere. Finally, microfinance practitioners and policy makers might gain better understanding on existing microfinance approaches in Bangladesh and can think or re-think for adaptation.

The aim of this study is to show the relationship between foreign investment and economic growth. Framework is used to show impact over the period of 1986 to 2013 .The result of these tables show that there is positive relationship between foreign investment and economic growth. We also examines that there is lack of sources in Pakistan .We have used secondary data for this study .This study will reveal that foreign investment is playing important role to fulfils requirement of sources .On the other hand, foreign investment has important role for the development of Pakistan economy. Most importantly, the Pakistan has chosen investor friendly policy. Foreign investment has two types 1) mixture of green field investment and 2)privatization proceeds .We propose a mechanism that foreign investment determine the political risk. Foreign investment also play important role to maintain a BOP of host country .In this study also show that which policies is important for the development of country 1) reduce political risk 2) foreign investment .This study also shows that Sri Lanka has rate of foreign investment is low then other Asian countries .Market access and modern technology is a main components of foreign investment .However, productivity can be improve by foreign investment (1997) the ratio of foreign investment in Pakistan is 0.2%.The main reason of poor performance in Pakistan is that basically Pakistan is a agriculture country and we have poor industries skills .For the development of country there is need to investment 35% to 40% in a year .In this study also shows that terries has negative effect on foreign investment of Pakistan .State bank of Pakistan regulates foreign investment inside and outside the Pakistan. Economy of every country depends upon circle of a foreign investment .For a strong country there is need of a strong economy .In this study we also examine that foreign investment growth rate is increasing then international trade. For the development of economic growth there is needed to invest 35 to 40% in GDP. Foreign investment has different shapes like.1) foreign loans 2) foreign direct investment3) portfolio. In the last year the exports of Pakistan is 12.9billion and import was 18.7billion. Japan has a vast export market for Pakistan. Economic development can be increase with foreign trade e .g raw cotton clothes and wheat is the main products of Pakistan.

Growth prospects of Mutual fund is likely to improve in the coming months as measure taken by the government have contributed to arresting the rate of decline in stock index in the last few months. The two main categories i.e. equity diversified and sector specific in which all the 16 schemes have been divided for the present study. These schemes have been analysed on various parameters. Franklin Prima fund is the top ranked fund and UTI advantage is the lowest. HDFC, Reliance and ICICI funds have also faired well

Environment is a very wide term which includes everything in all its manifest forms, on the earth, beneath the earth and above the earth. The natural resources of a nation affect the business activity of every enterprise. Similarly, the functioning of an enterprise has some favorable and some adverse effects on the environment. Hence, there is a need for maintaining accounts of the effects of the activities of a business entity on the environment and on natural resources. Environmental accounting is a faithful attempt to identify and bring to light the resources exhausted and cost rendered reciprocally to the environment by a business corporation. It is henceforth concerned with recording environmental elements. Environmental accounting is still at an early stage of evolution and it is being groomed under the voluntary leadership of a variety of enterprises around the world. During the period of 1981-1990, the emphasis in the accounting literature shifted from ‘social responsibility accounting’ to ‘environmental accounting’, reflecting the strong interest in the latter. From 1990-todate, the emphasis on environmental accounting continues unabated and engages the interest of both academic and practicing accountants, hence accounting and disclosure of environmental matters have been rapidly emerging as an important dimension of corporate reporting. This paper describes the evolution, nature, significance, areas and methodology of environmental accounting and also examines general issues concerned with it. This paper throws light on how corporate are responding to pressures to keep accounting records of the impact that their productive process have on the environment.

Put your money in trust, not trust in money’ attracts the small investors who are risk neutral or risk averse. Small investors prefer some kind of collective investment vehicle which can pool their managerial resources, invest it in securities and distribute returns among them on cooperative principles. This led to the growth of mutual fund industry in developed and developing capital market. The mutual fund industry in India, which is a little over three decades old, has undergone a sea change since the introduction of mutual fund regulations in 1993.This research paper covers various aspects of mutual funds industry in India, Starting with the basic concept of mutual fund, it throws light on the growth of Indian mutual fund industry and its present status, the different types of mutual funds based on structure, investment and special schemes, performance, problems and future of mutual funds industry in India.

Despite innovation absorbing real and substantial costs, the available literature tends to focus heavily on training and education, and has primarily been concerned with measuring the inputs, process and immediate outcomes rather than the longer term impact of innovation. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge no study had ever been conducted to investigate the effects of innovation strategies on growth of Microfinance Banks in Kenya. This research focused on Faulu Micro Finance Bank Branches in coast region; the general objective of this study was assessing the effects of organizational innovation on the growth of Microfinance Institutions in Kenya with specific focus of Faulu Microfinance Bank in coast region. Specifically, the study was assessing the effects of product innovation, market innovation, process innovation and service innovation on the growth of Microfinance Institutions in Kenya with specific focus of Faulu Microfinance Bank in Coast region. This research was studied through the use of a survey research design. The target population of this study was 96 staff working in Faulu Microfinance Bank in coast region with a sample size of 77 employees. These study utilized questionnaires which were dropped physically to the respondents’ place of work and stratified random sampling was used to get the sample. The descriptive statistical tools such as SPSS were used to help the researcher to describe the data and determine the extent to use. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine whether variables predict a given dependent variable. Tables were used to summarize responses for further analysis and facilitate comparison. This study investigated whether innovations adopted by Faulu Microfinance Bank branches in Coast Region lead to growth of Micro Finance Bank.

Employee welfare “ the efforts to make life worth living for workmen ”. Employee welfare means anything done for the comfort and improvement , Intellectual or social , of the employees over and above the wages paid which is not a necessity of the industry.”Organizations provide welfare facilities to their employees to keep their motivation levels high. In the light of above, the researcher has selected the M&M Limited (Tactor Division), to know the satisfaction levels of employees about labour welfare measures provided by the organization on the basis of responses of sample respondents.M&M Limited (Tactor Division) is always ahead in improving the working and living conditions of its employees and it has done a lot in respect of providing welfare measures for its employees in the areas of Education, Medical, Housing, Transport, Sports , Recreational facilities etc.