Finance

The objective of this study was to analyze the country-specific attributes that either motivate or determines foreign direct investment (FDI) in a nation. A review of the literature on foreign direct investment revealed specific location attributes that tend to motivate direct investment in a particular location. In order to measure the impact of each of these attributes on foreign direct investment I created a database including each key attribute as a variable and measuring it across countries over a period of five years (2009-2013). The database contains all countries; the primary regions include USA, INDIA as well as a group of “Other” developed and developing nations. Analysis of the countries and variables and their affect on FDI flows. Unfortunately, I found GDP to be the only significant pull factor for U.S. foreign direct investment which indicates that large market size is a major investment determinant for multinational corporations. Other research on an industry-specific basis is necessary to gain a more in-depth analysis of specific variables. Foreign direct investment (FDI) in all over the world in general and in India in particular after the opening up of our market with the adoption of the policies namely globalization, privatization and liberalization has no doubt emerged as one of the most significant source and contributor of external inflow of resources and is one of the most crucial contributors to the capital formation despite their share in the world arena still catching up. When we talk about the term FDI we are talking about a bundle of resources that usually flow into a country including besides capital, production technology, global managerial skills, innovative marketing strategies and access to new markets. A cumulative and an exhaustive study of the overall scenario of FDI in India, FDI in USA in perspective of India investments of FDI in the country, share of top investing countries, sectors attracting highest FDI flows, sector wise technology transfer and approvals. We will also look at the determinants for attracting FDI in the country and also the causes for low flow of FDI and the mechanisms that can be undertaken to make our country attractive enough for investors and vice versa (for USA). This study entirely relies on secondary data collected after a thorough and exhaustive study of various websites, text books, journals, newspapers, magazines and great inputs form various professors and professionals specializing in this area.

This study seeks to explore the factors determining the capital structure of banking sector of Pakistan. A panel data set of 26 banks for the period of 2007 to 2011 was selected to fulfill the objective of this study. The findings of two econometric techniques of panel data i.e. fixed effects and random effects models reveal that size, tangibility, profitability, growth opportunities and liquidity are the significant determinants of capital structure. The size and liquidity of the banks in the sample have direct impact on leverage, whereas, tangibility, profitability and growth opportunities have a negative association with leverage. These outcomes are in line with corporate finance theories such as Trade-Off Theory, Agency Cost Theory and Pecking Order Theory. This study certifies that banking sector has determinants similar to non-financial sector, so, this study will help financial analysts and managers in understanding the dynamics and underlying premises on capital structure of banking sector of Pakistan.

In the area of accounting jurisprudence, several attempts have been made to develop accounting and accounting information, The most prominent of these were the calls for linking accounting and law, and the judiciary's need for accounting information to cover the demand for forensic accounting services. The outcomes of forensic accounting are reports that guide judges in passing judgment on the conflicting parties on financial issues, Judicial, settlement, and settlement of disputes, Forensic accounting acts as science and applications in the field of accounting, finance, taxes with the use of Civil law and criminal law in order for making the right decision by Forensic accountant. This science can be applied through the availability of various techniques which help in detecting fraud and support the juridical cases. One of the main tasks of Forensic accountant is to detect fraud as fraud was a widespread phenomena in large number of companies. This phenomena occurs as a result of depending the certified public accountant on samples when reviewing financial statements without having any responsibilities toward detecting fraud. Here comes the role of Forensic accounting in detecting fraud through using of different techniques such as Benford law, and detection tools such as data mining and analysis

Basel II initially published in June 2004, was intended to create an international standard for banking regulators to control how much capital bank need to put aside to guard against the types of financial and operational risks bank faces. Basel II attempted to accomplish this by setting up risk and capital management requirement designed to ensure that a bank has adequate capital for the risk the bank exposes itself to through its lending and investment practices. This paper helps in detailed study about the Basel II and also helps in to find out the relationship between capital adequacy, non performing assets and net profits of some selected private and public sector banks. This paper also explores the effect on Net profit due to change in Capital Adequacy ratio and non Performing Assets.

To improve operational efficiency and to facilitate the emergence of globally competitive companies, there is a need of mergers and acquisitions. The increased participation of the Indian companies in the global corporate sector has further facilitated the merger and acquisition activities in India. Even though mergers and acquisitions (M&A) have been an important element of corporate strategy all over the globe for several decades, research on M& As has not been able to provide conclusive evidence on whether they enhance efficiency or destroy wealth. So this paper tries to analyse the effect of mergers and acquisition on the net profits of the company. It also tries to analyse the performance of the selected merged banks in terms of changes in growth of net sales, cost of production, market capitalisation, revenue earnings and revenue expenses in foreign exchange and Earning per share and also to know the most significant variable affecting the net profits in pharmaceutical company with respect to net sales, cost of production, market capitalisation, revenue earnings and revenue expenses in foreign exchange and Earning per share. The data has been colleted through Capitaline software. Further the result shows that different factors are responsible in different companies that are affecting the profitability of the companies.

This paper deliberated to impact of domestic trade and Nepal-India trade by demonetization of Indian currency by Indian government. The Indian government is claiming that the action is a surgical strike against black money. The demonetization of the large bills has received mixed reactions. A large section of industry and the public reacted to the decision with overwhelming support, stating that the government should have taken such action a long time ago. Their point is that deflation is the most prominent and quick bang that is going to be seen in the Indian economy. On the other hand, this move is not only going to affect the Indian economy but also the Nepali economy, which is very closely linked to India.

This empirical study attempts to examine Random walk and Weak Form Efficiency of capital markets of Pakistan , India , Srilanka and Bangladesh constituted as SAARC countries . The Daily , Weekly and Monthly observations of period Jan 2005 to Dec 2010 were examined by using broadly used tests; Autocorrelation, Ljung-Box Q-Statistic, Run test, Unit root test and Variance Ratio tests were used. All daily returns of indices found to be follow non-normal distribution and all monthly returns of all indices were negatively skewed. To sum all, we conclude that none of capital markets is characterized by Random walk and hence are not Weak form Efficient for the examined period. This indicates that there exists utility for technical analysis, availability of arbitrage profit and opportunities for investment management by diversification of portfolios across the markets.

International Trade relations of each nation can be effective on their economic growth. These relations can lead to using the production factors on economy sectors that have more advantages and leads to improvement in efficiency of production factors and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of each nation. In recent years many studies have been done by using different econometric modules and methods in order to answer the question that is export growth will lead to the economic growth? In this study the effect of the export value (Oil & Gas) on the national production growth (Economic Growth) had been examined through 1961 to 2011 by Johansen Test that the result shows a strong positive correlation between the value of Oil & Gas Export and Iran Economic Growth. In fact if the value of Iran Oil & Gas Export increases in 1 unit, the Economic Growth will increase 2/301 units.

During 1993-1997, the policy of dual containment was selected by Clinton’s administration to prevent Iran and Iraq from any action jeopardizing the interests of the international community especially the United State of America. The new policy of dual containment was the result of the new world order in which the U.S. found itself as the hub of the new world after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Also, this new policy put away the balance of power policy that was the main policy of previous American administrations which had sought a balance of power between Iran and Iraq in order to contain these two nations from any aggression to the global peace and security.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using the Information Technology (IT) on financial performance of the Petrochemical companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, 164 of the staff experts of information technology and finance departments of the Petrochemical companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange have been selected as research sample by using simple random sampling method and responded to the questionnaire. The presence impact of IT with its variables together which were represented as follows (IT Knowledge, IT Operations and IT Infrastructures) in the financial performance,light of findings of study recommended a number for recommendations and notably such as providing an effective working environment in Petrochemical companies focusing on the information technology which companies are able to achieve competitive advantages.