Finance

External assistance is considered a significant factor in the economic development of Bangladesh in order to bridge the gap between savings and investments along with balance of payment situation. From the viewpoint of understanding vulnerability, there is analytical interest in the potential impact of contingent liabilities on an economy. Sustainable debt is the level of debt which allows a debtor country to meet its current and future debt service obligations in full, without recourse to further debt rescheduling, avoiding accumulation of arrears, while allowing an acceptable level of economic growth. Currently Bangladesh is spending a significant portion of its potential resources and revenue in terms of debt service. Although the country is solvent in external debt burden, there exist concerns for future stability of this sustainability without hampering the necessary expenditure in other important sectors. In Bangladesh the financial support from donor has tended to decline, reflecting more difficult budgetary conditions and a general disappointment with the results of external aid among development partners.

The impact caused by microfinance on growth of the economy has always been a debatable issue. Ample researches have been conducted to determine whether it helps poor masses to get out of the poverty trap or it further deteriorates the financial position of the masses at individual level and the economy in aggregate. It is quite surprising that the results and findings of these researches vary. This study is aimed at excogitating whether microfinance actually proves to be a blessing or is an additional burden for the poor. It is a conceptual study based on meta-analysis. Existing literature based on studies conducted by researchers, analysts, scholars, institutions and policy makers around the world has been reviewed to determine the impact of microfinance and to conclude whether it is a burden or a blessing. Six different aspects through which the growth of the economy can be measured have been taken into consideration. These include women empowerment, SME/entrepreneurs, rural transportation, poverty alleviation, health and education. Findings indicate that overall microfinance proves to be a blessing for the users but it poses certain challenges that hamper its performance up to the desired optimal level. Policy makers in this regard should play a positive role in formulating a clear roadmap and designing strategies for microfinance.

This study focused on the impact of ICTs usage on the performance of women entrepreneurs in the South Western States of Nigeria .The purpose of the research was to highlight the types of ICTs tools frequently used by women entrepreneurs and its effect on their performances. A total of 120 women entrepreneurs who were randomly selected participated in the study and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results indicated that the use of mobile phones, television, radio, magazines and newspapers are the tools frequently used by entrepreneurs while internet services, electronic mails and computers are underutilized due to the fact that they are expensive and also because majority of the women entrepreneurs lack computer skills. Furthermore, it was discovered that mobile phones being one of the ICTs tools are sources of cheaper and faster communication and majority of the respondents believed that it has contributed positively to their performances. However, it was concluded that women entrepreneurs’ use of ICT infrastructure and systems in South-Western Nigeria is limited and even the ones in use are not widely explored and channeled for business development. Therefore, the study recommended that efforts should be made by governments and service providers to ensure that women entrepreneurs are made aware of new ICT applications and innovative services that are of use to the business sector. Also, government should ensure prompt and adequate electricity supply in order to overcome the problems of incessant power failure which served as a major challenge to the usage of ICTs tools by the entrepreneurs.

Evidence from literature suggests that despite the fact that women are key players in entrepreneurial activities and make significant contributions in the economic development of many nations around the world, non-availability of long-term finance and long procedures to access financial help have been identified as major constraints faced by women entrepreneurs. Cooperatives societies has been identified as veritable instruments which provide business finance for the growth and development of women enterprises .Therefore this study evaluated the impact of cooperative societies on the performance of women entrepreneurs in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data were sought through structured questionnaires and analysed using tables, frequencies, percentages, charts while chi square was used to test the study hypothesis. The findings of the study revealed that though cooperatives are accessible to majority of the women entrepreneurs, the amount of loans obtainable from cooperatives were inadequate for the entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the chi square analysis showed that the ?2_ calculated value of 61.26 is greater than the ?2_ critical value of 13.28 at 0.01level of significance, implying that cooperative societies have significant effect on entrepreneurs. Therefore it is recommended that the federal government should consider developing policies that will create an enabling environment for the development and proper operation of cooperative thrift and credit societies and other group initiatives and the management of cooperative societies should be helped to have a new business orientation and also encouraged to attend and benefit from seminars, adult education and literacy programs.

This study is aimed at examining the effects of socio- economic and financial factors on the performance of women entrepreneurs in Oyo state and two hundred and forty women entrepreneurs who are involved in trading, hairdressing and tailoring were purposively selected from amongst those registered in their respective associations. All the data were derived from primary sources. The results demonstrated that a significant relationship exists between socio- economic factors and the performance of women entrepreneurs. All the socio- economic factors (age, marital status, education and years of experience) were significant and positive at (P < 0.05). This implied that socio- economic factors are critical success factors that help entrepreneurs to survive, manage in difficult conditions and keep the business profitable. Furthermore, credit and savings impacted significantly on the performance of the entrepreneurs. The micro-entrepreneurs surveyed were revealed to be performing very poorly because majority of the entrepreneurs had no access to external funds. The finding indicated that the women entrepreneurs’ propensity to save for the growth of their enterprises was on average very low implying that they were experiencing some constraint factors. This tends to affect the performance of the women entrepreneurs negatively. Therefore, the study recommended that formal and informal entrepreneurship education should be given to micro- entrepreneurs in order to develop their managerial capabilities, accounting skills and overall be made more credit worthy and the Federal government should consider developing policies that will create an enabling environment for the development and proper operation of cooperative thrift and credit societies and other group initiatives.

This paper investigated yield determinants among catfish farmers in Epe Local Government Area of Lagos State. A total of 65 catfish farmers were purposively selected for the study. The analytical technique employed include: Descriptive Analysis, Budgetary Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse the socio-economic characteristics;Budgetary Analysis was used to determine the profitability of the enterprise; and Multiple Regression Analysis was used to analyse the determinants of catfish yield in the study area. The various profitability ratios such as Expense Structure Ratio (0.76), Benefit Cost Ratio (3.13), Gross Revenue Ratio (0.45)and Rate of Return (0.96)indicated that catfish farming enterprise is profitable in the study area. The factors that significantly affect catfish output in the study area are: quantity of feed, quantity of labour, quantity of fingerlings and total pond size. Quantity of labour, quantity of fingerlings and total pond size had positive relationship with output of fish, while quantity of feed had an inverse relationship with yield output of catfish.

The study investigated the profitability of catfish enterprises in Ede South Local government area of Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 59 small scale catfish farmers were purposively sampled in this study. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse the socio-economic characteristics, while budgetary analysis was used to determine the profitability, and multiple regression analysis was the inferential statistic used. The result of the survey revealed that 54.24 percent of the fish farmers were male. About 81.3 percent of the fish farmers were married. 59.81% of the farmers fall between the ages of 31-40years. About 62.71 percent of the farmers had tertiary educational qualifications.Most of the fish farmer (39.1%) produced between 5,400 -10,500kg. The mean production of fish farmer was 5,750.85kg.The total variable cost was ?24,623,997. The revenue was ?252,000,000 per annum. The gross margin was ?227,376,003 per annum and the net farm income was ?189,589,795 per annum. The analysis of the benefit cost ratio (BCR) and the rate of returns revealed that catfish enterprise is profitable in the study area. The factors that significantly affect fish output in the study area include: quantity of feed, quantity of labour, quantity of fingerlings, total pond size.

The purpose of this paper is to assess the internal auditing practices on the financial performance of Tehran Stock Exchangelisted companies and to consider the effect of a contextual factor-Political influence on this relationship. While much empirical works have given diverse reasons for the poor financial performance of TSEs, research evidence of the impact of internal auditing practices on the financial performance of TSEs in the Iran context is scanty.The study found no strong associationbetween internal auditing practices and financial performanceof TSEs and those political influences do not significantlyimpact this relationship. The weak association betweeninternal auditing practice sand financial performances isattributed to these enterprises’ inadequacy and poorimplementation of internal auditing practices. Where internalauditing is de-emphasized it cannot impact positivelyonperformance.

One of the key issues in management today is the lack of Job Involvement in employees. This lack ultimately leads to lack of Performance in employees. The study was conducted to see the impact of Job Involvement on the Job Performance and the difference between the females and males with respect to Job Performance. The data was collected using questionnaires. The respondents were mainly from the Banking sector of Pakistan. The results show that there is a positive correlation (r=0.705, p<0.01) between Job Involvement and Job Performance. Moreover, the results for group statistics show there is no significant difference between performance of males and females (µm=48.6744, µf=47.2432) at confidence Levels of almost 35%. The reasons for such results are then discussed.

The general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of money transfer systems on economic growth of Somalia. The study was guided by the following objectives, to establish the effect of electronic Money Policy on economic growth in Somalia, to determine the effect of Money transfer Agents on economic growth in Somalia, to examine the effect of electronic Money transfer security on economic growth in Somalia, to establish the level of financial support in form of capital, that is attributed to funds received from abroad and to establish the extent of distribution of received funds from transfers to other parts of Somalia other than Mogadishu. A significant number of Somalis fled the country during the civil war that lasted for more than two decades since 1992. These Somalis in diaspora send significant amount of money which is used to support their families that they left behind. These transfers contribute a lot to an economy of low production, making it one of the backbones of the Somalia?s economic growth pillars. hawala is a system of money transfer that excludes the bank system and is useful for the economy. To better understand the effect of money transfers such as hawalas, the Keynesian monetary policy concerning liquidity preference and practical policy and the Dow Theory have been used. The study follows a conceptual framework to help the research accomplish the objectives and concentrates on investigating the electronic money transfer, business boosting and income distribution as affected by hawala which variables are responsible for the economic growth. The study was use research design to present the findings conducted. Data was collected by a questionnaire where both structured and unstructured questions are used. Data was analyzed by use of Microsoft Excel & SPSS tool for comprehensive analysis because of its compatibility in describing statistical data. Findings was further be presented by use of bar charts, pie charts, graphs, tables and text all these issues showed the impact of money transfer in economic growth in Somali because the is back bone of Somali economic 80% of Somali people depend their lives in electronic money transfer, the result the hawala is very integral for Somali people. The researcher recommends that the government should develop hawala Remittance Act and the Anti-money laundering law, that will create more favorable conducive environment to smooth the operations of the hawala Systems, and implement it.