Finance

The study examined the economic impact of Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Zone on economic diversification in Calabar, Cross River State. The study looks at the importance of Tinapa Business Resort and Export Processing Zone in economic diversification of the State economy within Calabar. The study adopted the survey research design and data was collected through the use of questionnaires administered on the staff of Tinapa Business Resort, the Export Processing Zone and members of the host communities. The study used descriptive statistics in analysing the data and the chi-square test was used to test the hypothesis formulated. The findings from the study show that Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Zone have contributed to the economic diversification of Cross River State through generation of foreign exchange earnings, attracting of Foreign Direct Investment and tourism into the state. Furthermore, the study reveals that Tinapa Business Resort and the Export Processing Zone have affected the lives of the host communities through employment and the provision of basic infrastructure. Based on the findings, the study recommends the dredging of the Calabar Sea Port in order to attract more economic activities into the State and the proper funding Tinapa Business Resort to enable it fulfilled its vision of being Africa’s Business hub in global trading and exportation of goods.

In the United States, many small business owners display inadequate preparedness strategies to mitigate natural disasters. The damage caused by natural disasters usually costs millions of dollars in injuries or lost lives, disruptions to operations, and property damage. Small business owners who fail to plan and prepare for disaster frequently face closure when disasters strike. The goal of this study was to explore strategies independent auto maintenance business owners use to mitigate natural disasters. Holling’s organizational resilience theory grounded this qualitative multiple case study. From the population, a purposive sample drawn, included five participants who implemented disaster mitigation strategies from Texas, Arkansas, and Louisiana and participated in this study. Semistructured interviews were used to collect data, which was analyzed by triangulating the results against company strategic plans, financial data, emails, website information, and operation manuals. The implementation in the data analysis of Yin’s 5-step data analysis process yielded important themes of: employee relations and financial strength, disaster planning and response guideline, communication, and collaboration and partnership. The analysis of the analysis led to the presentation of key recommendation for business owners, notably to comprehensively understand, plan, and execute successful natural disaster mitigation strategies, to ensure business continuity and resilience. The implication for positive social change is the potential for businesses to avoid permanent business closure, create jobs, retain employees, and improve the economic standard of living for communities.

This article analyses the market reaction to stock splits announcements, using a unique Indian sample over the period 2001 to 2010. Our event study finds a significantly positive Cumulative Average Abnormal Return (CAAR) around the announcement date. Liquidity increases lead to higher stock price changes, which supports the liquidity improvement hypothesis. Further, firm size and abnormal returns are inversely related, which is in line with the attention hypothesis.

1. Abstract “Banks are in the business of managing risk, not avoiding it………” Risk is an unpredictable approach which every business or organization need to go through. To understand the financial behavior one first need to understand what is Risk and its effect on private banking. Considering, the present era, increasing competition, has made risk management an important element for the banking industry. Financial institutions should take charge of risk in order to manage efficiently. Risk management is a method to arrange ,lead ,sort out,and manage the broad mixture of danger to adjust into the structure of organizational routine work long termly and short termly. As risk management, different banks adopt different risk management system, they bifurcate risk into Credit risk, Market risk and so on . The aim of the study is to analyze that whether private banks are satisfied with their risk management system, as every bank carries a risk management approach. Current paper also, talks about the risk and its effect on Private Banks. It includes its types and process of risk management. Paper includes a survey (Questionnaire) filled by 5 private banks which is further analysis through F-Test and ANOVA. Key words: Risk management, Private Banks, Credit Risk, Satisfaction

This is a humble attempt to conduct literature review on Fundamental and Technical Analysis.Fundamental analysis is used in stock selection for equity portfolio management. To find out the intrinsic value on the basis of fundamentals and compares value with the current market price to determine if the security is under priced or overpriced fundamental analysis is done. Technical analysis, which comes in the form of different charts so also known as “charting,” has been a part of financial studies for many decades. Initial Technical analysis has not received the same level of acceptance as fundamental analysis.One of the greatest challenge between academic finance and industry practice is the separation that exists between technical analysts and their academic critics. Investors would like to categorize the stocks into value and growth. Value investors invest for the stocks that are trading at less than their apparent worth, but on the other hand growth investors focus on the future potential of the firm and buy companies that are trading higher than their current intrinsic worth with the belief that the companies’ intrinsic worth will grow and go beyond their current valuation. Keyword: Stocks, Fundamental Analysis, Technical Analysis

In financial monitoring, instead of direct control of prices and conditions of the insurance company contracts, financial indexes and financial strength of these companies is evaluated. Solvency margin is a tool used by many advanced companies for financial monitoring that represents the excess of assets than liabilities. Or we can say the financial ability of the insurance company to cover its accepted risks. So far, the world's different systems using different methodologies are designed and implemented to evaluate solvency of insurance companies. In this paper, using the criteria identified in the literature, while comparing the insurance industry's financial monitoring system in Iran with other systems - solvency II and the united states RBC- we make recommendations to improve the solvency formula defects of insurance industry in Iran.

In this paper, the author explains the nature and behavior of credit deposit ratio of scheduled commercial bank in India from 1980 to 2017 using RBI data. The paper showed trend line,structural breaks,cyclical behavior,volatility and forecast value of 2030 of credit deposit ratio.The paper explores cointegration and vector error correction models for credit deposit ratio,inflation rate,lending rate,GDP and NPA from 1996-97 to 2017-18 in Indian scheduled commercial banks and concludes that there are long run causalities from inflation,GDP, and NPA to lending rate and from credit deposit ratio, inflation rate and GDP to NPA which are significant. But,insignificant long run causalities were found from GDP, inflation, NPA to credit deposit ratio. Moreover, there are significant short run causalities from NPA to inflation rate and from GDP to NPA of scheduled commercial banks in India.

Banks often drive their cost lower through investments in efficient-scale facilities and operation, tight cost and overhead control, and cost minimizations in such areas as service, selling and advertising. They often sell no-frills, standardized services and products to the most typical customers in the industry. Thus, banks seek a competitively valuable way to reduce cost by concentrating and maintaining efficiency through all activities in order to effectively control every expense and find new sources of potential cost reduction. This study limited itself to the variables of interest. The secondary data was derived from Equity Bank data for a period of 2008 to 2016. The study was conducted in Equity Bank, Homa Bay Branch. This study employed a descriptive research design. The study was conducted at Equity bank and targeted 75 respondents. The researcher used a questionnaire as research tool to collect data. The researcher with the help of supervisor and research expert was able to use the Content Valid Index (CVI). Data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics specifically frequencies, percentages, likert scale analysis and multiple regression. The data was presented using frequency tables, figures and Charts and then findings were interpreted. The findings of this study reveal Competitive strategies affect the performance of Equity Bank. The study recommends that the bank should encourage integration of competitive strategies in the bank operation system to enable employees to feel integrated in the workplace and this will boost performance. This will create sustainable competitive edge hence sustainable and superior performance by the bank. Further the study recommends a further study be conducted on the same area in different banks on the effect of competitive strategies on Banks’ performance.

This paper investigates Electronic Human Resource Management (e-HRMs) strategy and organizational success in Nigeria. The objective of this paper is to empirically investigate into the nature of Electronic Human Resource Management Strategy and to examine if organizations in Nigeria actually benefit from its use. EHRMS help organizations achieve competitive success through strategic people. Such requires a fundamental strategic change in how managers think about organization’s workforce and how they view the work relationship. Data were obtained from 10 organizations constituting 100 Human Resources Managers of both government and private sector businesses, all in Rivers State of Nigeria. Data obtained from the field were analyzed using Multiple Regression Statistical Techniques. The paper finds that there is a significant relationship between the rotational e-HRMS and productivity improvements. This paper further revealed that there is an inverse relationship between relational e-HRMs and cost reductions. The paper recommends that organizations in Nigeria whether small or large should learn to engage the use of web-based technology to facilitate human resource processes; the application of the web-based technology will assist the corporation in reducing costs. Keywords: e-HRMs, Relational e-HRMs, Productivity Improvements, Cost Reductions, Transformation e – HRMs, Operational e-HRMs.

Earnings management is a kind of management which uses accounting techniques to meet the executives needs for earnings; it is a widely debated topic, hence it is worth looking at. Experts and professionals in this area found many approaches to detect the earnings management; within these approaches are the accrual-based models which include the modified Jones model, which currently is a favourite model to many researchers. The issue of earnings management has always been an anxiety for the reliability of published accounting reports. In emerging markets, like India due to their relatively weak legal enforcement capabilities, earnings management issue is more universally practiced. The objective of this study is to investigate whether Indian companies adopting international standards (i.e., International Financial Reporting Standards or IFRS) have higher earnings quality compared to non-adopting companies and are less likely to smooth earnings and engage in earnings management with an improvement of reporting quality. Our results clearly indicate that the firms adopting IFRS are unable to control the earnings management and thereby improve Earnings Quality in emerging market of India.