Finance

Taxes as a reliable revenue source have always been taken in to consideration by governments. Tax imposition creates many disorders in economics but "green taxes" do not have such quality. Since the green tax is applied based on the cost and expense, they have a large scope and bring about good income for the government. Therefore, they can be replaced to other tax bases. On one hand, it reduces the effect of creating disorder by the other taxes; on the other hand, it increases the benefits of the society because of the reduction of the pollution. In this study, the effect of the green tax along with other influential variables on environment such as the index related to technology and GDP per capita, Population and degree of trade freedom on the amount of the pollutant, carbon dioxide and Nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and also the influence of these taxes on epi (Environmental Performace Index) was examined in 34 countries which were the members of OECD countries during the period (1995 to 2006) have been studied. The findings show that the imposition of such tax has caused the reduction of air pollution and the improvement of environment in the selected countries.

The importance of the relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance helps managers to understand the impact of investing in corporate social responsibility, on the cost of financing, as well as on investors in obtaining economic assistive decisions And has provided researchers with more relevant information than other accounting information. The corporate social responsibility of the integrated business processes, by creating innovative methods in them, contributes to improving the organization by improving it, and it affects financial performance, which requires the exploitation of both The benefits, and the benefits of integrating different management systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate the relationship between corporate social authorities and financial performance, and the statistical population of the research is listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange from 2011 to 2015. The present study is of a kind of applied nature, and in terms of the purpose of correlation, after preparing and extracting the social responsibility data of the company, through a questionnaire and financial performance, through the information in the stock archive, the research variables for Estimation of econometric models is analyzed using EViews software using collected data, which according to the results obtained and the regression models are validated and significant. , And according to the results, there is a significant relationship between social responsibility and financial performance in the companies admitted to the stock exchange. This research will help managers to develop effective corporate social responsibility policies that are needed to achieve their better financial performance in the long run, as well as insights for companies on the role of social responsibility, Providing future benefits.

An investor considering securities investments faces the challenge of deciding which securities to invest in from a vast number of options and allocating his cash among them. The investor is once again faced with the decision of which assets to hold and how much to invest in each security. The two most significant qualities of a portfolio are risk and return. The investor seeks to select the best portfolio by weighing the risk and return characteristics of all available options. Individual stocks and portfolio characteristics alter over time. This necessitates an investor's investment portfolio to be reviewed and revised on a regular basis. An investor always puts his money into a portfolio in the hopes of getting a decent return that is proportional to the risk he is willing to take. The portfolio's return on investment must be quantified, and the portfolio's performance must be assessed.

Banks in advanced economies continue to be weighed down by slow credit growth, funding risks, reliance on government and central bank support, contagion impact fromthe concerns about sovereign debt sustainability, etc. In contrast, the Indian financial system which is largely dominated by the banking sector remains well capitalized. Asset quality remained robust though some concerns emanated from the fact that slippages exceeded the rate of growth of advances, and resulted in increased requirements for provisions. The present paper aims to analyse the stability of Indian banking sector as compared to world scenario in terms of Capital to risk weighted assets ratio, Overall Asset Quality and Interest rate sensitivity. The paper based on RBI Financial Stability Report 2010 also analysis the stability of Indian banking in terms of bank Stability Index.

Participatory Notes are offshore derivative instruments (ODIs) issued, by SEBI-registered Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) in India, against an underlying security, which entitles the holder to a share in the income, either dividend or capital gain, from the underlying security. These are issued to foreign investors, which may be hedge funds, foreign pension and mutual funds, or other High Net worth Individuals abroad. They are issued outside of India to people outside of India. The underlying securities, shares of listed companies in India, are held in the custody of FIIs on behalf of the P-Note holders.There are several issues associated with P.Notes. The anonymity of investors-difficulty in fulfilling KYC (Know Your Client) and FTAF (Financial Action Task Force) norms for P-Notes, the Anti-Money Laundering issues and difficulty in tracing the identity of the funds, Lack of transparency and anonymity worries the government authorities. There are fears that P-Notes are ideal money-laundering vehicles. Some reports suggest that some FIIs created their own separate and parallel offshore market for Indian securities in derivative form-which will develop and this will take volumes and revenues from our markets. About 50% of the portfolio inflows into India come in the form of P-Note There are some apprehensions, and some evidence, that the P-Note route was being used for “round-tripping” resident Indians’ money-going out by questionable means and coming back through the P-Note route. It is in light of these features the paper analysis the various issues related with P. Notes.

FDI is an engine in bringing the financial sector at a fast speed. FDI was encouraged by financial liberalization and market-based reforms in many Emergent Market Economies (EMEs). Now, FDI has become a key feature of national development strategies for all most all the countries over the globe. FDI has boosted the economy of India and on the other hand there are critics who have blamed the government for ousting the domestic inflows. After liberalization of Trade policies in India, there has been a positive GDP growth rate in Indian economy. The paper tries to study the need of FDI in India. The paper focuses on the trends of FDI inflows by categorize them into sector-wise, region-wise, year-wise and country wise FDI inflow in India. The result depicts that among the sectors Service sector, among the regions Mumbai and among the countries Mauritius are at the top. It also shows that there has been a remarkable increase in FDI inflow in India during the year 2000 to 2012.

The sales force's performance is one of the key issues for companies in today's competitive environment. Sales force is the executive arm of organizations in attracting customers and selling goods or services. All efforts of the various units of the organization are summarized as a result of the sales force's performance. As competition intensifies, the importance of sales force performance has increased. Today's vendors are more than ever a dynamic powerhouse in the world of commerce, and their efforts have a direct impact on diverse and diverse activities. Maintain the company's position in the market, evaluate the status of competitors, and ultimately provide the grounds for success and development of the company. This research attempts to investigate the effect of sales force reputation on customer behavior with an emphasis on the role of empirical value added by sales force. The statistical population of the present study is the employees and customers of Iran Khodro authorized dealers in Isfahan city and the number of samples A total of 390 patients were selected. The research type is applied and the method of the survey is descriptive and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and Lisrel software. The results show that the reputation of sales force is influential on economic value, service productivity, service superiority, pleasurable interactions, and the mentioned variables have a positive effect on customer behavior in Iranian car dealerships, and it is suggested that these agents In order to raise the trust of customers, they are more seriously committed to their commitments and are committed to their customers and meet their needs.

This study investigates the existence of trade credit as a short term financing channel during tight credit conditions, offsetting conjecture of trade credit channel with traditional credit channel of transmission of monetary policy and subsequently relative adjustments in inventory dynamics covering a large panel of 145 Pakistani firms over the period of 2000-2011.The generalization of Lovell’s target adjustment model using Arellano & Bond approach for dynamic panel data has been employed using first difference GMM estimator .The model has been augmented with the short term bank borrowing and trade credit ratios by differentiating the firms either more or less likely to face financing constraints with the hypothesis of making high or low use of trade credit. The findings suggest that there exist a strong evidence of trade credit channel in moderating the credit channel of transmission of monetary policy. Financially constrained firms are found to have less availability of short term bank borrowings and a high dependence on trade credit in tight monetary episodes.

The exchange rate or Inter Bank Rate of Indian Rupee (INR) is considered as one of the major economic factor to determine Indian economic position. There are various Economic factors and parameters which influence the Inter Bank Rates (IBR) and alter its parity with different currencies. This study is done to analyse the various Economic factors and Parameters that influencing the IBR. This study involves analysis of 4 major Economic factors and parameters which are related to IBR. All the parameters taken under study are analysed using suitable analyzing tools and the influence over the IBR is studied. This study is done to understand the fluctuations in USD/INR IBR rates on Quarterly basis for 5years from 2007 to 2011. The four parameters taken under study is analyzed using Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of Correlation and Regression Analysis with IBR rates collected during respective years.

The present study investigates the relationship between corporate governance profile of acquiring firms and operating performance changes associated with merger and acquisitions in political uncertainty in Nepal. The financial sector mergers and acquisitions have been selected as sample transactions for the period of 2008 to 2011 and two years pre- and post-merger analysis has been conducted by using OLS regression. The estimated results indicated that post-merger operating performance of acquiring firms is positively related to its pre-merger level. Moreover, board size and CEO duality are negatively while board independence, outside dominated boards, and presence of large independent block holder are positively related to change in post-merger operating performance of acquiring firms in Nepal. The results were also robust with an alternative dependent variable of change in market value of acquiring firms. The results from replaced dependent variable were found to be more strong and cohesive with corporate governance profile of acquiring firms. Aligned with the existing literature, the study concluded that effective corporate governance mechanism does play its role in aligning the interests of managers with shareholders and enhances value for firms, particularly in large scale transactions of mergers and acquisition.