Applied Zoology

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of Clerodendron phlomides on Aedes aegypti. Maximum ovicidal and larvicidal activities were recorded in chloroform extract, followed by hexane and ethanol extracts of C. phlomides. The chloroform extract of C. phlomides at 1000 ppm showed an ovicidal effect of 15.6±1.30, 33.2±3.64 and 45.6±5.49 % on 0-6, 6-12 and 12-18 hr old eggs. The LC50 values for this extract were 10.21, 45.30, 235.06 and 335.51 ppm against the first, second, third and forth instar larvae of Ae. aegypti in 24hr. An increase in the concentration of the test extracts resulted in an increase in the ovicidal and larvicidal effects.

Water is a key feature in universe. Primary productivity gives information related the amount of energy available to support bioactivities of a system. The productivity of a small desert pond Sansolav was studied by the light-and-dark bottle method and by following the natural changes in carbon dioxide and oxygen.

The present study deals with the fractional analysis of lipid components and their biotransformation process especially of -?3 fatty acids from primary food sources(detritus, mangrove leaves and planktons) of Cerebratulus sp. - an intertidal benthic nemertine species found in the intertidal mudflats of Subarnarekha estuary. The primary food sources of this intertidal benthic funa understudy has been shown to contain appreciable amount of -?3 fatty acids, particularly ?- linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3?3) which has been appeared to have been consumed and biotransformed in the process of food chain and food web interactions in the studied mangrove- estuarine ecosystem. On analyzing the fatty acids of muscles of studied species. Remarkeble amount of 20:5?3(EPA, Eicosapentaenoic acid) and of 22:6?3(DHA, Docosahexaenoic acid) have been found to remain present in the muscles of this animal. From the standpoint of biochemical ecology, these animals are being considered as a facilitator of chain elongation and simultaneous desaturation of ALA in order to produce essential long chain PUFA's (Polyunsaturated fatty acids), EPA and DHA which are now being recommended as an important pharmaceutical supplement.

In the present study morphologic and morphometric analysis in the three pairs of otoliths: sagittae, asterisci and lapilli of the swordfish Xiphias gladius is carried out for the first time. X. gladius data were obtained from 2000 to 2002 in nine fishing cruises in two commercial vessels that arrived in Manzanillo, México. As with other billfishes, sagittae are characterized by having four bodies: a rostrum and antirostrum separated by the excisura major and a postrostrum and pararostrum separated by an excisura minor; being this a peculiar character observed in these species and in the dolphinfish. The growth of the three pairs of otoliths is eccentric to the core; a larger quantity of material is deposited in the dorsal areas and borders, in relation to the ventral areas. No statistically significant morphometric differences were observed between the right and left otolith and between sexes of X. gladius. Seasonal growth rings could not be observed in the sagittae, but were present in some asterisci. Results are discussed with those reported by other authors. It is recommended that studies of daily growth increases in one-year organisms or less be carried out. We suggest that a capture quota of this fishery is given to the commercial fishermen.

A study was carried out at the Toxicology laboratory of the Department of Crop and Environmental protection, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso, to determine the effects of powdered castor oil seed (Ricinus communisL.Euphorbiaceae) on kidney, liver, spleen of albino rats. The rats were in five groups, which were replicated three (3) times. The castor oil seed was turned to powdery form using pestle and mortal. Four feed formulations were used;powdered castor oil seed and commercial rat feed mixed in ratio 1:1,1:2,1:5, 1:10and ordinary commercial rat feed, which serves as the control.These formulations were given to four separate groups of rats for a period of three days.Thebehaviour of the rats was monitored over the three day period. The histology of the kidney, liver andspleen which was initially preserved in formalin was later analysed.Compared with the control the hemorrhagic and necrotic tissues in rats administered with ratio 1:10 and ratio 1:5 showed mild disruption. In ratio 1:2 fed group, hemorrhagic and necrotic tissues showed complete disruption while group fed with 1:1 were extensively disrupted. The results also relayed changes in the body weight and the spleen weight where significant highest, spleen weight were recorded for the rats fed with commercial feed (control) than the rats fed with the treated feeds. The rats fed with ratio 1:1 (treated feed) had the least spleen weight compared to the animals fed with treated feed of ratio 1:2 and 1:5 respectively. No significant difference was observed in the kidney fresh weight for all the treatments. Also, there is significant highest liver weight in rats fed with control feed when compared with rat fed with treated feed, followed least concentration ( 1:10 ) of the treated feed. The observation revealed that a powdered castor oil seed to commercial rat feed can be effectively used as rodenticide and it is clearly seen that the function of a powdered castor oil seed affected the internal organ tested.

Present communication deals with some biochemical parameters i.e. glycogen, proteins and lipids were estimated in normal, infected intestine and their relevant four species of pseudophyllidean tapeworm Senga Dollfus, 1934 viz. S. satarensis Bhure et. al., 2011, S. madhavae Bhure et.al., 2011, S. mangalbai Bhure et.al., 2011 and S.microrostellata Bhure et.al., 2013. The non-infected intestine contains more glycogen, protein and lipids as compared to infected intestine, whereas low biochemical content in all the species of the genus Senga. The intestinal parasites were capable of extracting nutritious materials from their host and thus represented a high level in glycogen, protein and lipid.

A survey of adult tapeworms from marine fishes from coastal area of Maharashtra, India. It is presented on the basis of the taxonomic evaluation of freshly collected fishes from different coastal regions of Maharashtra. The cestode parasites are collected from various parts of Maharashtra from June, 2009 to December, 2013. They are having 750 fishes of 14 species. Thirty one species of helminthes are recovered, the eight monogeneans, nine nematodes and fourteen cestodes. A detailed report is on the tapeworms Tylocephalum yorkei Southwell, 1925, T.minimum Subhapradha, 1955, T.elongatum Subhapradha,1955, T.madhukari Chincholikar and Shinde,1980, T.singhii Jadhav and Shinde 1981, T.bombayensis Jadhav 1983, T. aurangabadensis Jadhav et. al., 1987, T.hanumanthraoae Shinde et. al., 1989, T.mehdii Bhagwan et. al., 2002, T.alibagensis Bhagwan and Mohekar, 2003, T.gajananae Wankhede and Jadhav, 2003, T.babulalae Pawar and Jadhav, 2005, T.shindei Pawar and Jadhav, 2005, Tylocephalum damodarae Pathan and Bhure, 2013. Data regarding the morphology of all species, their hosts and distribution in Maharashtra is also provided.

To screen the antibacterial efficacy of various solvent extracts of marine algae such as Ulva lactua and Hypnea musciformis against some selected gram-positive and gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria. Crude extracts were prepared from the selected marine algae using different solvents namely, chloroform, n-butyl alcohol, and methanol and were tested for their antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria using agar cup plate diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also performed for selected solvent extracts for all the bacterial species. A suitable positive control was also maintained. Among the two marine algae screened Ulva lactua and Hypnea musciformis were found to be more active N-butyl alcoholic extracts will be showed highest antibacterial activity against pathogens when compared with standard Amoxicilin (Positive control). It was observed that the N-butyl alcoholic extracts of all the two marine algae showed higher inhibitory activity for the selected bacterial species than other solvent extracts. The results revealed that the crude N-butyl alcoholic extracts seem to be a good source material in identifying the effective pure antibacterial compound(s) in all the three marine algae and particularly, Hypnea musciformis. The present study showed that the N-butyl alcoholic extracts of marine algae such as Ulva lactua and Hypnea musciformis exhibited good antimicrobial activity. But the N-butyl alcoholic extracts of Hypnea musciformis possessed highest antibacterial activity than others and so it could be useful in seeking active principles against clinical pathogenic bacteria.

This paper deal with the ecology of anopheline mosquitoes in Tehsil Sironj and Lateri of district Vidisha. Mosquito sampling took place surface water in the tah. Sironj stream were collected at 2- week intervals during August 2007 to July 2008. During the survey, it was noticed that permanent breeding ground such as ditches, cesspool, sewas, ponds and dam where same breeding ground where mosquito species laele there x qulex and aides mosquito breeds in polluted water all transmission water where they can with strand desiccation it was also noted that varies mosquito species used the same water bodies over a period of time.

Butterflies are fascinating creatures of order Lepidoptera have special place in the insect world. The present study was carried out to document the species diversity and abundance from January to December 2011 in the Erode District, using transects counting method. All the butterflies recorded at a distance of 5m from the observer during the counts. Species diversity and abundance is calculated by Shannon –Weiner index. A total of 694 individuals belonging to 23 species of butterflies were recorded during the period and highest numbers of species was recorded from the family Nymphalidae, Papilionidae Pieridae were recorded. Butterflies are sensitive to the changes in the habitat and climate, which influences their distribution and abundance. It is suggest that butterfly species diversity generally increase with increase in vegetation.