Applied Botany

Pokhar is a small village from Purandar Taluka. The survey of the locality has been done and found some interesting fungi and lichens. In all total 13 species of fungi and lichens were reported from which 07 are non-lichenised fungi and 06 are lichenised fungi. The height indicator species like Collema has also found at low heights.

The purpose of this study was to characterize plantain banana cropping systems on peasant farms near Kisangani, DR Congo. In order to achieve the expected results, a survey based on a semi-structured questionnaire was done among 60 farmers and banana fields. In addition to the interview with the farmers, a direct observation was also made in the fields of plantain banana in order to complete the information obtained from the farmers. The results obtained indicate that agriculture is the main survival activity and plantain banana rest the priority crop that takes place mainly in primary or secondary forests. For majority of plantain banana farmers, the fields are burned and occupy from 2 to 3 ha. In terms of types of cropping, polyculture is largely used by the majority of plantain banana producers and the plantain-maize, plantain-cassava and plantain-rice are the most frequent intercropping in the area. Compared to the field duration of plantain banana, the maximum time is 5 years and the techniques adopted by the farmers to maintain the plantain are regular maintenance of the field and destruction of diseased or attacked plants, maintenance of certain standing trees and accumulation of plant debris around the tuft.

Soft rot of fruit causing disintegration of cells and dissolution of middle lamellae due to the action of enzymes secreted by Erwinia sp.The colour of fruit also changes to brown- blackish in a part or the whole part damaging tissues of the fruit and the watery secretions leads to 10-15% loss in the productivity in the Districts of Sunsari and Morang of Province No. 1 and adjoining area of India. Bacterial wilt is also produced by Erwinia sp. Singh (1968)16. Toxins also produced by Erwinia sp., which cause disturbance in metabolic activity of Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl. Erwinia sp. is seed borne and soil borne pathogen.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of PIF in relation to the types of plantain trees in Gbadolite in the Democratic Republic. The experimental set-up used was that of complete randomized blocks with 3 treatments (T1: French; T2: True Horn; T3: False Horn) and 3 replications. Weaned per cormus, 44 rejects; 32 rejects and 30 rejects respectively for the French, True Horn and False Horn types. The French type gave more weaned offspring than the true and false horn types under Gbadolite conditions. In short, the second hypothesis is confirmed. Therefore, the french type responds to this technique than the other types.

In prospect of escalating resistance to existing antimicrobial agents, herbal drugs are being looked as an imperative source for discovery of new agents for treating various ailments related to bacterial infections. C.occidentalis is an annual herb in India, has been used as folk medicine and found to posses wide range of pharmacological behaviors. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the effects of C.occidentalis leaf extracts on the growth of various pathogenic microorganisms based on the inhibition zone using disc diffusion assay, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values. The crude aqueous extract had been fractioned in to aqueous and ethylacetate fraction using biofractionation assay. In this, the aqueous fraction of C.occidentalis had no antimicrobial effect against the test microorganisms where as ethyl acetate fraction had inhibitory effects on the growth of 9 strains of 9 bacterial species and one fungal isolate. Bactericidal activity of microorganism was also found using Time kill curve.

The plant family Boraginaceae worldwide distributed and its contained 145 genera. Carolus Linnaeus described the Cordia genus in the format of Cordia L., Sp. Pl. 1: 190 (1753). The genus Cordia L. (Boraginaceae) is a medicinally important taxon. The first species of Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. has been used for the treatment against fever, ulcers, dyspepsia, ringworm, etc. It has also been reported for its activities such as analgesic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory actions. Another second species, C. sinensis Lam., which is endemic to the northern Western Ghats, is a potential medicinal plant and is presumed to have similar biochemical activities. Since the species is consumed mainly in the crude form, it is difficult to establish the identity based on only leaf or stem characters. A comparative study has been carried out to authenticate the identity of these two species based on foliar anatomical characters. The anatomical sections of a leaf (TS), and petiole (TS) of both the species were observed under the bright-field microscope, and characters were documented. Though the diagrammatic outline of the leaf sections is similar, detailed anatomical characters are significantly different. The structure and number of the trichomes are observed abaxial and adaxial sides of the leaves. The trichomes were also found to be useful characters for identification. In the case of leaf, the number and arrangement of vascular bundles, arrangement of collenchyma at the lower epidermis, palisade cells, and distribution of storage cells are the major characters to differentiate both species. During the study, we also observed the detailed characters of the cuticular layer, trichomes, and stomatal characters. Rananculious type stomata and the presence of cystoliths in the basal cell of the trichome are the common characteristics observed in both species. On the basis of the primary study, the species can be differentiated based only on foliar anatomical characters. 

Induced mutations through physical and chemical mutagens is one of the sophisticated and convenient approach to induce desirable variability in plants compared to the conventional methods. Induced mutagenesis has served an important source in producing high yielding mutants. The present experiment was conducted to induce, isolate and analyse the high yielding mutants of Vicia faba L. var. Vikrant and PRT-12 of M3 generation using single and combination treatments of gamma rays and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS). The leaves of plants are known to carry out the most important processes of plants relating to yield and productivity. The pigments like chlorophyll and carotenoids play key roles in the process of photosynthesis. Biochemical analysis like estimation of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and protein profiling of the leaves of high yielding mutants were carried out using different methods and approaches. High yielding mutant plants were selected from the lower doses/concentrations of both single and combined treatments of ?-rays and ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS). Increased levels of pigments and NR activity were observed in the variety Vikrant as compared to PRT-12, after treatment of the mutagens. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE analysis of leaf proteins of the mutants of the variety Vikrant showed higher polymorphism and number of protein bands as compared to variety PRT-12. Altogether, the increase in leaf protein content may enhance crop yield.

Water deficit is common stress in arid and semi-arid lands, also yield of wheat reduced by another environmental stresses such as heat and cold. The main causes of these changes are due to poor distribution of rainfall, and poor agronomy calendar. According to this fact that rainfall is one of the most important factors for agronomy in dry land, we calculated time of first effective rainfall with probabilities of 50% and 75% by using meteorological data (1994 to 2011) of Synoptic station at Eghlid region, The growing degree days (GDD) of wheat growth phenological stages were obtained by using 4 ° C as physiological Zero. Based on the results, the first effective rainfall happen in the November 19th and December 8th, by probability levels of 50% and 75% also the germination of wheat seeds happen in the March12th and March31th and the ended of phenological stages happen in the August18th and August25th by probability levels of 50% and 75% respectively. We suggest this planting calendar to obtain the best wheat yield.

Collection of 13 leaves from Capsicum annuum L. was taken for the observation of symptoms caused by Alternaria solani on date 15/12/2020. Size of leaves noted between 6.88 sq. cm. to 31.96 Sq.cm and Maximum number of spots was 18. The other symptoms shoot out, half lamina absent (in leaf), swelling of green tissue along with yellow spot with white mycelium, giving powdery mass in some leaves were common. Anatomical study was done on Date 25/12/2020 at 2-3 P.M in the laboratory, Department of Botany, M.M.A.M.CAMPUS, BIRATNAGAR

Pimpri Sandas small village 1560.49 hectares in Haveli Tehsil. The survey of the locality has been done as a part of social activity and making general floristic awareness to the people from conservation point of view. In all total 18 plant species and 10 species of fungi and lichens were reported from which 08 are pure fungi and 02 are lichenised fungi. Basidiomycetous fungi and plants belongs to Fabaceae are found to be dominant in the locality. Some interesting saxicolous species like Caloplaca and Rhizocarpon are commonly found in this area.