Social Studies

The disaster management in any country is a process that works at various activities of prevention levels and operational models. An important element of the improvement of the civil protection in the individual countries and of their coordination in joint activities is the improvement of the existing Integrated Disaster Prevention Policy activity. The huge variety of organizational concepts of the systems for disaster prevention, accidents and catastrophes in the different countries, pose a lot of questions related to the improvement of the efficiency. The coordination that could benefit from the good and effective practices and produce a common, integrated and comprehensive European view and concept for the Regional Disaster Prevention Policy. This issue is getting more and more important, the large-scale emergency events and disasters are covering the territories of several regions, and- because of their magnitude and consequences- require the assistance and cooperation of international bodies working in the sphere of civil protection.

Access to information and, more importantly, the internet is not evenly distributed in this world. But if they had it, would people in rural India want to use the internet? How would they use it and benefit from it? Will internet influence culture and how can communities prepare themselves when the internet comes in their village? To support the rollout of internet in more rural areas in India and to improve the effectiveness of ICT in rural environments, a clear view on the adoption and use of ICT and services was needed. This study aimed at providing this knowledge. Interviews in rural India taught us how people use the internet and the benefits they experience. We also spoke about their expectations and what they think is needed when the internet is introduced in a community. The study showed that people and communities in rural India do benefit from ICT both socially and economically. Basically, they use the internet for the same purposes as people in Western countries, such as to communicate, to search for information and to buy things. However, internet is even more important in rural areas because of lack of alternatives, such as telephone lines, libraries, newspapers, roads in good condition, and public transport. In this paper we would like to focus on the affect that Internet has on Rural India.

This study examined the wage distribution and differentials among the agricultural labourers in different crops both in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire administered to a stratified proportionate random sample of 400 farmers consist of 50 farmers from each crop in both States. The data collected was analysed by operation wise wage distribution and wage differentials among the gender and using multiple regression analysis for estimation/predicting the mean values of dependent variable on the basis of known explanatory variables. The value of coefficients of all the crops reveals that the demand factors play a much more important role than its supply factors. man-land ratio, cropping intensity and proportion of non-farm workers to total work force found to be expected signs and statistically significant in Andhra Pradesh, whereas, employment opportunities from outside agriculture and cropping intensity engender wages in Tamil Nadu. The study was also found that the wage differences between male and female labourers is at higher level in wet crops than dry crops and this is not only from operation to operation but also from season to season. The study recommended that confirmatory action plan to be needed to trounce gender discrimination through promoting self-employment and expanding employment opportunities outside agriculture.

The article is dedicated to investigation of two basic problems: (i) would bring the U.S. sanctions imposed on Iran to minimizing and even to cancelling the oil exports from this country? (ii) what impact would have those sanctions on the country’s economic growth? For the survey we have used two methods. Primo, we have explored oil export structure from Iran and have studied oil import organization of the major commercial counterpart states trying to clarify if they would be able to substitute oil imports from Iran by alternative sources. And, secundo, we have drawn a statistical model, which links Iranian GDP with oil exports. Such a model was necessary for investigating probable undulations in the Iran GDP due to changing volume of exporting oil. Investigation results are important and may have huge geopolitical corollaries as follows: (i) In medium-term run President Trump’s administration measures to cause serious economic obstacles for economic development of Iran will be unsuccessful. (ii) USA has no means and geopolitical instruments to bring oil exports from Iran to zero. (iii) Hence, even if it is done, these measures will cause difficult but not dramatic consequences for economic life of this Islamic country, which would create complications for development of civil society in Iran. Moreover, the desire of President Rouhani to modernize the Iranian society will fail, and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, weakened under the Rouhani’s presidency, will regain momentum. (iv) Thus, President Trump’s measures will cause just the back effect than the target he wanted to reach, and (v) The sole possibility to provoke democratic movements within the Iranian society is to imply the country into international energy projects, in which Rule of Law is governing partnership relations.

This paper focuses on the structure of corporate leadership and how it can help achieve Early Childhood Education (ECE) goals in protecting the rights of children. It establishes that corporate leadership has not fully been exercised and implemented in Early Childhood Development (ECD) centres, and this is due to the administrator’s inability to steer stable and sustainable centres for protection of rights of children and unprofessional management. The study employed descriptive surveys, and stratified sampling was used to obtain a sample of 52ECD centres in Baringo County, Kenya and the target population involved the staff in ECD centres. This paper establishes that corporate leadership is vital towards accomplishment of protecting rights of children and that curriculum supervision plays a major role in quality education and protecting children rights. Therefore it recommends a full review of implementation of corporate leadership in ECD centres and training of staff to achieve this course

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that everyone has the right to take part in the Government of his/her country. The empowerment and autonomy of women and the improvement of women's social, economic and political status is essential for the achievement of both transparent and accountable government and administration and sustainable development in all areas of life. The power relations that prevent women from leading fulfilling lives operate at many levels of society, from the most personal to the highly public. Across the world, women are treated unequally and less value is placed on their lives because of their gender. Women?s differential access to power and control of resources is central to this discrimination in all institutional spheres that is the household, community, market, and state. Discrimination against women has resulted in violence and brutality on many women. In Somali, women are systematically discriminated against and subordinated. They face limited inclusion in decision making structures and leadership roles, limited access to reproductive health, higher rates of stigmatization from HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, denial of due process rights, abuse of women's rights in divorce cases, denial of custody of children and denial of women's rights of property ownership and inheritance under customary law.

The purpose of the study was to establish the determinants of poverty in Hodan district in Mogadishu, Somalia. Specifically, the study was necessary to address the following specific objectives that is, To examine the effect of the dependency ratio on poverty in Somalia, To find out the effect of savings on poverty in Somalia, and To investigate the effect of Human Capital on poverty in Somalia. Poverty of Somalia has been a long term recurring problem. Somalia faces a number of major obstacles to development: civil conflict, the lack of a fully functioning central government, and natural calamities such as drought and floods. In addition, the ongoing armed struggle has often prevented much-needed humanitarian assistance from reaching the population. The prominent ones being absence of an active central government, civil disputes, natural calamities like floods and droughts. Poverty in Somalia has increased manifold since 1990. The researcher was used a descriptive survey design method for the study. Survey design is a design in which data is collected using questionnaires. The population of settlers in Hodan district is 114,348 hence the researcher will use Cochran?s formula to yield a representative sample for the proportions. The study was selected a sample of 384 respondents from the different households in Hodan district in Banadir region, Somalia. In getting the sample size, the researcher will use Cochran?s formula to yield a representative sample for the proportions. The researcher will employ percentages and frequencies to analyze the results of questionnaire using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS-20). Average dependency due to the high population is high in developing countries in which labour productivity would be low because of inadequate nutritional food, health and education. The last statement on the relationships between poverty and family dependency was whether the personal savings income can lead to a lower level of personal poverty, this aspect was intended to examine the savings of the individual?s role on poverty reducing efforts as the respondents. The conclusions were based on the objectives of the study that determinant of poverty in Hodan distract Mogadishu –Somalia. The result showed the high dependency ratio has facilitated limited or low access to university education among household members causing unemployment in the country. As a result of the massive unemployment, the youth are left with few options for survival but migration or joining armed groups as the alternative for gaining a decent standard of living. The study recommends the adoption of objectives of the study that determinant of poverty in Hodan distract Mogadishu –Somalia. The researcher recommending that Somali Government decrease the unemployment issues because will increase the poverty that would lead money violence and insecurity problems.

This study was conducted to investigate the factors that contribute towards the turnover intention of teachers of private sector schools of Sargodha division. For this purpose several factors of satisfaction i.e. security, nature of work, working condition, colleagues (integration), principal, students, recognition, social status and promotion are considered because these are the main factors which increase or decrease the turnover intention of teachers. Data was collected through paper and pencil technique from various private schools of Sargodha division. Pearson correlation and zero order correlation were used to test the hypotheses. Only four factors i.e. principal, promotion, pay and working conditions were proved to have a strong negative relationship with turnover intention.

Skill development is an important driver to address poverty reduction by improving employability, productivity and helping sustainable enterprise development and inclusive growth. It facilitates a cycle of high productivity, increased employment opportunities, income growth and development. However, this is just one factor among many affecting the productivity whose measurement differs for individuals, enterprise and economy. The increase in productivity could be due to availability of skilled & healthy manpower; technological up gradation and innovative practices; and sound macroeconomic strategies. The manifestations of improved productivity can be in the form of improvement in real gross domestic product (economy), increased profit (enterprises) and higher wages (workers). In this study, an attempt has been made to conceptually analyse the skill development process in India and the agencies involved in its promotion.

Ditch cutting samples of organic rich intervals (Nkporo, Mamu, Nsukka and Imo formations) in Anambra basin from Oda River-1 and Anambra River-2 wells were subjected to Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Rock-eval Pyrolysis analyses to evaluate their organic matter richness, organic matter type and thermal maturity. The samples comprised of shales, siltstones, lignites and claystones. The shales are dark coloured and moderately indurated with carbonaceous silt and dolomite stringers. The siltstones are fine to medium grained and dark grey to brown in colour. The lignites are grey to black coloured, medium grained, moderately hard to brittle and occurred as stringers. The claystones are grey coloured and medium grained. The TOC and Pyrolysis derived S2 results of the samples are 0.98-4.71 wt. % and 0.12-5.39 mg/g, respectively indicating poor to excellent source rocks. Hydrogen Index, Tmax, Genetic potential and measured vitrinite reflectance are 9-114 mg/g, 424 -471oC, 0.13-5.67 mg/g rock, and 0.41-0.88, respectively. Rock-eval data from the two wells indicated predominantly kerogen type IV kerogen with subordinate gas prone kerogen type III organic matter. Mamu Formation samples dominated kerogen type III and were abundant in Anambra River-2 well. Most samples from Anambra River-2 well are thermally mature while fewer samples from Oda River-1 well are thermally mature for hydrocarbon generation. However, majority of kerogen type III in Anambra River-2 well contained inert carbon.