Linguistics & Translation

Both English and Persian languages represent modality through auxiliary verbs, besides other means. The grammar systems of both languages include epistemic and root modality with some sort of similarities; however, they do not possess a one-to-one correspondence of modal auxiliaries, as a mean of conveying modality. Thus, translational shift is applied in many cases during the process of translating. This study is an analysis of such shifts in a parallel text, which consists of Jane Eyre, a novel by Charlotte Bronte (1955), and its Persian translation by Bahrami-harran (1998). The English and Persian modal auxiliaries are described and classified based on Palmer’s (2001) model. The aim of this study is to detect different types of shifts based on Catford’s classification in the translated text. To do so, one hundred and fifty sentences with modal auxiliaries were randomly selected from the source text and compared with the equivalents provided by the translator. Then, different types of shifts, based on Catford's, were identified and classified. The findings, descriptively suggesting how to translate modal auxiliaries from English into Persian, may have implications for linguists, translation researchers, and especially students of translation studies.

Spelling is a way of representing the sounds of speech. In order to spell a word, you first say that word to yourself. Then you choose letters to represent the sounds you hear. Clearly, it is important to know how sounds and spellings match up. You are not aware of this process when you write familiar words because you have memorized their spellings. Writing these words is automatic. A good speller can write a great many words without thinking about which letters to use. But there are many times when you must choose the letters carefully; for example, when you write new words or words you have not used often. There are two reasons why you must make a choice. First, the same sound may be spelled in different ways as in meat, meet and mete. Second, nearly half the letters in the alphabet can stand for more than one sound! There are 39 English speech sounds but only 26 letters in the alphabet. Obviously, some letters must do extra work. This is particularly true of vowel letters.

Adopting critical discourse analysis, this study investigated good and evil roles of women in 30 top-grossing action movies with the following objectives: 1) to examine the verbal and non-verbal elements in women’s representation and 2) to trace significant changes in good and evil roles of female characters between 1930 to 2012. Findings indicated that good female characters were kind and gracious in the first two eras. They were allowed to fight on the battlefield in the new era. The classic good characters used imperatives while they showed their supporting nature by using modal verbs in the new Hollywood. Evil women appeared as sexy alluring spy in the second era. They got supernatural power in the last era. The post-classical villains preferred to use imperatives, but they used a variety of verbs to reveal their villainy in recent movies.

An analysis of Mongolian idioms reveals that there is lot of cultural significance which could be compared with cultural context of other society especially Tamil society. The paper highlights some of the idioms used in Mongolian cultural context and presents the meaning of each idiom. The study is made in general perspective and the meaning of each idiom is explained both in Mongolian and Tamil context. The culture of Mongolia has been heavily influenced by the Mongolian nomadic way of life. A few idioms used in the contexts of family life, discussion with older people and village people are analyzed and their contextual significance is highlighted. The present attempt is to bring out the contextual relevance of some of the Mongolia idioms and show how significantly they fit into Tamil culture and tradition.

The linguistic and non-linguistic features of the language which is being used in mathematical communication are unique and demarcate the mathematical register from other registers. Mathematical register is not limited in use to classroom teaching and learning but is utilized in other areas by members belonging to the same speech community in the sense of persons using a particular language or register in a definite context. In this paper, we highlight the core markers of the code used in mathematics as a register. We critique the link between linguistic competence and mathematical performance against competence in mathematical register. This analysis is expected to spur more debate in theoretical, psycholinguistics and mathematical linguistics about the interplay between the brain, mathematics and language.

This study examines the occupational roles of women in 30 action movies across three eras of classical, post-classical and new Hollywood. Employing critical discourse analysis as an analytical framework, the study investigates action movies from 1930 to 2012 to follow these objectives: (1) to find out types of women’s occupational roles, (2) to examine verbal and non-verbal elements in women’s representation, (3) to trace significant changes in occupational roles of female characters across three eras of Hollywood. Findings showed that female characters provided examples of positive and non-traditional role models. Women’s new representations challenged stereotypical assumptions concerning the occupational roles of women in the classical and post-classical eras.

Being familiar with the peculiarities of scientific prose style in general and technical writing in particular would undoubtedly help a science author to communicate appropriately with his peers in order to get his message across. At the level of word groups (Lexical-Phraseological word combinations), the use of ‘noun compounds’, or ‘string compounds’ is noticeable in this style. Considering the ubiquity of them in technical writing, familiarity with their functions seems to be of paramount importance as non-native writers tend to have difficulty producing them. The present study intended to disclose the functional peculiarities of technical writing on the lexical syntagmatic level of linguistic expression, focusing on noun compounds, the creation or the very existence of which would be based on the definite, well-fixed rules of combining lexical morphemes according to productive patterns, in other words, rules which can be determined by the lexical-morphological categories of the language under investigation. The analysis has revealed that noun compounds, are indivisible part of this style not because of their ubiquity but due to the fact that they would facilitate the author to create something new, something individual, and more importantly economize the pieces of information intended to be relayed.

The present study was carried out to investigate the nature of the possible relationship between the use of language-learning strategies (LLSs) and Iranian EFL university students’ reading proficiency. The following research questions were addressed in this project: (1) is there a difference in types and frequency of language-learning strategies that are used by Iranian EFL University students from those reported in other research studies? (2) Is there a difference in strategy use due to gender variable? and (3) is there any relationship between strategy use and reading proficiency. One hundred senior EFL students participated in this study. All the subjects were required to complete the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL) questionnaire developed by Oxford (1990) and a reading comprehension test selected from the TOEFL test. With respect to the first research hypothesis, it was found that metacognitive strategies are used most frequently than other strategy groups. With regard to the second hypothesis, this study showed no significant difference at p<0.05 between strategy use and gender. And finally, with respect to the third research hypothesis, the results indicated that the only learning strategies having a meaningful relationship with the students’ reading proficiency were metacognitive strategies.

The classroom study forms the backbone of the language learning process for many learners. But it is the duty of the teacher to motivate students to engage in their self study. This paper examines four aspects of the learning process that self-directed learners are generally understood to be able to navigate: planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating; it then suggests ways in which teachers can foster these abilities in the language learning classroom. Teachers can help learners to assume more responsibility for their own learning and develop them as more effective language learners.

The purpose of this study was to identify concepts of terminology in science and technology field especially in renewable energy. There are almost no definitions of the term in Mongolian. According to data aggregated by the International Panel on Climate Change, life-cycle global warming emissions associated with renewable energy including manufacturing, installation, operation and maintenance, and dismantling and decommissioning are minimal. (IPCC, 2011, pp. 1075). Therefore, it is essential to develop renewable terminology to analyze its modern aspects. We need terminology standardization to express individual terms in single definitions and understandings of concepts throughout the world. But in most of our professional fields, there is no standard of term translated and interpreted. It is really important to have standards of education terms and determine the definitions in Mongolia. Formulating model of terminology standardization is the framework for this study. English data were collected from Canadian glossary of terminology and Mongolian data were collected from dictionaries. As for Mongolian terminology, almost 89% of 1300 were without any definition of concept and 99% were not standardized