Literature

Writers have long been interested in dealing with the adverse effects of science on the life of the human race. Earlier, the science achievements on various fields of life were looked at positively. However, sci-fi writers, since H. G. Wells' dark pessimistic view of man's future under the control of scientists, robots, or computers altered the general perspective, have been concerned with the undeniable damaging consequences of man's complete reliance on advancement of technology in managing his life. Douglas Adams believed that science should be viewed as dangerous and destructive because it neither ameliorated man's life nor it kept as it is; rather, devastated not only man's achievement throughout history, but also brought all humans' hopes of perfection to a horrible end. The Hitchhiker Guide to the Galaxy is clearly a document that condemns the destructive science that is responsible for the massacres perpetrated in many parts of this world. This paper, therefore, attempts at detecting Adams's views of man's future life, bearing in mind all the radical changes that are still taking place in this life.

The significance and effectiveness of pre-reading activities in the contexts of both ESL and EFL has been acknowledged by many researchers. If students lack the required background knowledge, a teacher must activate students’ background knowledge or offer background information prior to reading a text. The present study aimed at investigating the role of pre-reading questions plus extensive reading in affecting the reading engagement of Iranian EFL learners. Participants of the study included two groups of 30 EFL learners with similar language proficiency. Reading engagement was measured using Reading Engagement Index developed by Wigfield and Guthrie (2004). Language learners were pretested on reading engagement and it was found that the two groups of the study were not significantly different in terms of reading engagement. Afterwards, one group received extensive reading plus pre-reading questions and another group received just extensive reading. The two groups’ reading engagement was measured after treatment to explore the effect of treatment on reading engagement of language learners. The results of paired samples and independent samples t-test indicated that pre-reading plus extensive reading was more successful in enhancing reading engagement of language learners compared to extensive reading.

It is necessary to know the language and concepts of terms, because every science has the specific feature and Hafiz can be also considered in this way, therefore it is necessary to consider the titles and concepts such as faith and disbelief in his gazelles, because the concept of belief and disbelief refer to religion, hence it is necessary, they are considered in the field of knowing Hafiz, and this essay tries to search the meanings of belief, disbelief and love in his gazelles. I tried to concern the religious principles, my theism due to religion. There has been found a new approach in Hafiz’s poems other than the common a theism, as matter of fact, it is mystical atheism, in order to reach the love way which is higher than faith.

The purpose of this paper is to present some instructional ideas for second language (L2) listening comprehension and their alignment with listening assessment. Among the suggestions are using spoken texts as instructional input, introducing the micro- and macro markers and providing students with authentic texts. In addition, the paper also highlights the importance of awareness-raising on the differences between spoken and written language among L2 learners. To expand the extant of the scope of possible instructional ideas for L2 listening, the discussion on pre-teaching of listening input and its connection to learners’ schemata is also included. To consolidate the discussion on instructional ideas, communicative reciprocal listening instruction is recommended for L2 listening instruction. Apart from instructional ideas, suggestions on how to develop a ‘considerate’ listening assessment that is in alignment with classroom instruction are also presented in this paper.

Research in common parlance refers to a search of knowledge. It is also defined as a scientific and systematic exploration for pertinent information on a specific topic. It is a movement from the known to the unknown and a voyage of discovery. It comprises defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis. Research is thus, an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement. It is the pursuit of truth with the help of study, observation, comparison and experiment. The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures. The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered.

Wole Soyinka remains unarguably the most published and the most widely read/studied African author. As such, the price he has to pay for the popularity of his works is that various scholars across the globe tend to interpret them from different perspectives with the result that there seems to be no end to fresh insights being given his especially dramatic works some of which date as far back as 1950s. But, as Ogunbiyi (1981) notes, while some of Soyinka’s plays like The Lion and the Jewel make easy reading, others become almost incomprehensible to the majority of either audience or reader. Many studies into this “obscurantism” in Soyinka have been carried on from the linguistic and semiotic points of view. This study adds to the quest to explain away the source of difficulty level in Soyinka’s The Road. The researcher applies the text to Rowland Barthes’ theory in Narratology with the purpose to finding out how the symbolic character contributes to making the understanding of a literary text difficult.

Gnosticism has been considered among human, in order to answer human’s needs. It is necessary to learn the secrets of Gnosticism, in order to step in the intellectual way. It is in the same way that some of great men. Such as Hafiz and Molana are well known for their literary, mystical approaches which should be differentiated, at first, we compare them, we come to the fact that their Gnosticism has been less considered.

The west is China's more backward areas, the vast land, backward economy, education shortage. National energetical implementation of the western development, not only refers to the western economy development, the more refers to the big western manpower resource development, the western education big development. After entering WTO, the western education big development should be even more forward-looking view of the world, from the development of the west education. English as a platform of communication with the world, of course, in the western education development occupies important position. How to combine the western actual situation to learn English, to teach English, in English, this paper is to explore the key. Distance education learners were aged between 20 to 45 years old, therefore we can say remote education learners the majority is adult students. Adult students often have and adolescent their students' different learning characteristic, for instance, in psychological level, adult understanding ability is stronger, learn to compare self-discipline; But its physiological conditions gradually increases with age, such as listening, memory decline, imitate ability, all these have a negative effect on English learning. So how to make these students learning benefit, output greater than the input? The author thinks that structure - of communicative teaching method and its application are student’s best medicine.

Assessment of Catford’s (2000, as cited in Munday, 2008) shift model of translation should not be simply seen as an applied model in translated scripts. There seems to be a need for more critical investigations on the model to bring forth its shortcomings when it is applied in translating dramas, since dramas differ from other types of scripts in that they are written to be played and the translation should evoke the same response to what has already been evoked by the original. Also, the shifts proposed in Catford’s (2000, as cited in Munday, 2008) model seem not to be of the same value and determining the degree of importance of each of these types of shift can be helpful in translator training. The article is trying to achieve these objectives by putting randomly selected twenty sentences of a play written by Woody Allen (1975) named “Death Knocks” and its translation by Hooshang Hessami (1376) in discussion. It was stated how different values might be attached to the types of shifts introduced by Catford (2000, as cited in Munday, 2008). Besides, it was discussed how the similar response in drama translation could be achieved in the target language, i.e., Persian through a new type of translation shift.

The traditional structure of Iranian society and its values and cultural interaction have determined the marginal status of women. In vicinity of this traditional society, also Arab community woman has not been attended, so that they have been considered as furniture. After the Constitutional (Mashrooteh) Revolution in Iran and The Great French Revolution in Arab world and Napoleon domination on Egypt and interaction with European culture and civilization, these events cause to women notified of their rights and they have had more participation in cultural, artistic, literary and social arena, actively. Nevertheless, intellectuals efforts such as IrajMirza, YahyaDolatabadi and Lahooti in Iran and also liberals such as Jamal Aldin Asadabadi, AhmdAlshedyaq, and RfaahAltantavi and… in Arab society, as well as the efforts and sacrifices of the pioneer has had a significant influences in defend of women rights and their equity with the men and the necessity for providing supreme status. Forough Farokhzad in such society, as a feminine intellectual poet stood against injustice that was inflicted on the women. Beside her, GhadaAlsaman, a Syrian Arab poet with a deep and accurate point views and active participation in writing abolished dull thoughts. Forough and Ghada had rebellious spirit. Their works are actually of type of real feminine sexuality and are similar to each other and also differ in some aspects. While between Iran and Arab – as a vicinal nations – have had closely interactions. The main purpose of this paper is study new and creative ideas through feeling of these feminine poets.