Literature

Indian English has a special Indian tone, sensibility, vocabulary and to some extend syntax. Indian writers are naturally faced with many problems and find difficulty in presenting Indian consciousness, thoughts, scenes, reality, culture and belief system. The use of English by Indian authors has always been to suit their tastes and needs. Indians have been writing in English and have achieved considerable success from the very beginning. Indian English novelists have been experimenting with language. They tried to mould the language to suitably communicate Indian thoughts and experiences. It appears that even the early novelists of English were aware of the problems of using a foreign language for literary work. India developed her own idioms in the same process as the other British colonies had done. At the level of vocabulary, the early novelists had to take recourse to various innovations and experiments by retaining a number of culture words in their works. Indian authors made an attempt to give a local flavor to their works, especially in order to satisfy the demand for exoticism by Western readers. The language of the colonizer and the colonized will be in conflict on various levels, as e.g. those of dominance, control and obedience, or of cultural authority and prestige, and of linguistic and cultural identity. This paper deals with language used by Indian authors to retain Indian tone in their works.

Allegorical metaphor is a kind of explicit metaphor in which the elliptic tenor as an abstract form of multiple grounds is compared to an explicit vehicle which is an abstract from of multiple grounds either. This figure of speech is a verbal masterpiece of human being and soaring beyond the heaven of the poetic images which has always had many controversies regarding its quality and quantity during its historical course. This descriptive article using content analysis attempts to study and compare the various and different opinions of the scholars of the art of the scheme from commencing of this term to the art of Arabic and Persian rhetoric up to present time to provide the interested readers of the art of the scheme and device of metaphor with a thorough understanding of the historical course and evolution of that figure.

In Indian education system, there has always been discussion on the issue of English language---whether to marginalize it or to abolish it—by politicians and educationists. Some say that it is the symbol of slavery and colonialism; others say that its use has created a gap in the society, while many advocate for total abolition as it is the outcome of Lord Macaulay’s education system that has created Indian babus (clerks).The aim of the author in this paper is to present the condition English language in Indian backward society on the one hand and to suggest some measures to learn and improve this language, particularly for the learners to whom it is a second language. For, it is observed that the people, who are financially well off, prefer to send their children to the institutions where English is the medium of education and where its use shows a sense of pride.

Well-designed course assignments are a critical component of effective teaching and learning processes. It is our responsibility to create an assignment that is reflective of the course goal. Course assignments are created to measure the extent of our student’s knowledge. Therefore, based on our experience and knowledge, we have written below how at Mongolian University of Science and Technology the Profesional English course’s assignments should be created and carried out.

Conflicts in works of literature are expected to show the dominance of good deeds over bad ones. In this way, readers are to be abreast of proper behaviour for the guilty must be punished and the righteous should be rewarded. However, this is not always the case in Igbo folktales. In them, there are three determinants that affect resolution of conflicts. The first is the poetic justice which is the generally expected one. Though there are numerous cases where it is applied, sometimes it is tampered with when it comes in contact with wisdom which unfortunately cannot be distinguished from trickery. Therefore, application of wisdom or trickery is the second determinant. The third determinant is when wisdom is in combination with vengeance. Of these three determinants, the only one that does not fail in Igbo folktales is the last mentioned. It is with them that the Igbo curtail the excesses of both Tortoise and other stronger animals. Therefore, of the three determinants that control the resolution of conflicts in Igbo folktales, the most dominant is the merging of vengeance and wisdom in a character.

One feature that characterized the political history of most African countries is the evolution from colonialism through the rise of nationalist movements to independence and the fall of the first generation nationalists. Headed by the emerging African elite most of whom had just obtained western education in either Europe or America, these nationalist movements began to advocate “self-rule now”. They do so with the promise that the development of African nations will be faster under native rulers. Given the opportunity to rule their nations, however, things begin to change for the worse against the high expectations of the masses. Greed, avarice, nepotism and corruption have taken over, and have eaten deep into both social and economic lives of the people. This study, which is based on the realist approach to literary criticism, seeks to examine the image of the African political administrators in two post-colonial novels – Peter Abraham’s A Wreath for Udomo and Chinua Achebe’s A Man of the People. The purpose is to find out if, in literature, African countries have fared better economically under native rule than under colonial rule.

In an age where existing boundaries of knowledge are constantly challenged by the culture of creativity, English Language Teaching has travelled far from being just a skill-based pedagogy and presented its audience with micro specializations among these skills. With the spread of English as the language of international research and publication, Research Writing as a genre has begun to assume enormous importance. Awareness of its generic features plays a vital role among non-native writers of English since their knowledge of writing in general does not grant them with the ability to handle requirements of research writing genre such as persuasion, argumentation, negotiation, discussion, presentation, etc…The present paper is an attempt to understand the global currency that Research Writing has gained.

In this world all human beings are equal in the view of god, but society separated them into groups through caste. There are nations which are characterized through social inequality, perhaps the Indian institution of caste is more elaborately constructed through inequality than in other nations. The existence of caste system in India in the modern period has been severely criticized by both Indian and foreign observers. Even though some educated Indians tell the foreigners that caste has been erased or that "none of the Indians pays attention to caste anymore," such statements do not reflect reality. Many people fought for the equality of society in many ways. Anand knows that the pen is the only source which can change anything in this world.

In the last phase of twentieth and beginning of twenty first century, Jean Sasson, the American writer, emerges as new oreintalist on the international horizon through the publication of her books. Just as the Chinese travellers, Fa-Hien and Huen-Tsang gave an elaborate account of fifth and seventh century socio-cultural and religio-political Indian life; Jean Sasson’s writings throw ample light on the religious, social, cultural and political life of the Middle Easterners in the twentieth century. The paper explores the visions and beliefs of Muslim community of the Middle East region as depicted by Jean Sasson in her books. The faith in religion is expressed as great strength of the Arabic people. This faith is the epicenter of their foundation of life-style even in the modern context.

Sixteenth century Europe is widely recognized by the word Renaissance which made an enormous evolution in cultural, economic, artistic and literary aspects of that age. British literature in particular went under the influence of masterpieces of great men like William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe who injected a generous motif to the literary canon of that time. By establishing a peculiar research on the side of the heroes of the two plays i.e. Shakespeare's Hamlet and Marlowe's Faustus, we come to face with the emergence of novel characters who are in need of more precision. In this direction, Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical thoughts come in handy to researcher's attempt to apply a critical reading of the two plays in a comparative manner in order to shed light on the deep levels of the groundwork of these two plays. For doing so, six fundamental concepts taken out of Nietzsche's theories are being observed along the context of the works each of which though might meet in a number of overlaps, represent the complicated concept of Renaissance Man with a critical and metaphoric perspective. Finally, the outcome is captured as was the ultimate goal of the researcher: a moral implication perceived on the literary basis of the two plays. Without considering any biased tendency towards a specific author or critic, the extracted concepts of the works rely on Nietzsche's enlightenments by expressing life's various ups and downs and by manifesting the outcomes of such jeopardies happened to the heroes which directly target the literary reader on how to supply the eternal pace of life as the mere meaning of humanity.