Archives-May 2016

The present paper examines levels and trends of fertility decline in Uttar Pradesh, which has occurred over time. The two major factors viz. wanted fertility and unwanted fertility have been the theme of several discussions over decades, among other aspects of population policy. Wanted births are those which are planned by couples and accepted socially, whereas unwanted births are those which do not adhere to certain social norms and may be categorized as illegitimate births, births after achieving a desired family size, births after marriage of own children etc. The study of unwanted pregnancy has been essential to demographers and public health practitioners to understand the levels of fertility and prevent unwanted childbearing. However, still a large number of the Indian women are forced to give unwanted births and this can be observed from the reports of NFHS-1, 2 & 3. Rural women in Uttar Pradesh are still having more children than their urban counterparts and the unwanted fertility rate is also higher. The fertility differentials exist by residence, education, religion, and caste/tribe in Uttar Pradesh. Research on wanted and unwanted components of fertility can lead to frame important policies which in turn may bring considerable decline in fertility and enhance the well-being of mothers and children. This paper measures the unwanted fertility by comparing total wanted fertility rate with the total fertility rate in Uttar Pradesh, which will ultimately help policymakers in designing proper action plan so that replacement level fertility can be achieved. Keywords: Fertility, TFR, TWFR, TUFR, NFHS, WFS, DHS

Smile is an expression that exhibits a feeling of joy, success, sensuality, affection, and reveals self-confidence and kindness. The harmony of the smile is determined not only by the shape, the position, and the color of the teeth, but also by the gingival tissues. In case the gingival tissues do not exhibit harmony with that of smile the individual loses self-confidence. The maintenance of esthetics in the anterior zone is important and especially if the patient is female the importance increases. The present case report, highlights the importance of perio-esthetics in maintaining the harmony of the gingival tissues.

Adoption is a decision to make use of an innovation on a continuous basis. This study investigated the socio-economic determinants of adoption of improved rice production technologies in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. The study employed multi-stage random sampling techniques in the selection of 420 rice farmers from the three agricultural zones of the state. Primary data were sourced through field survey with the aid of structured questionnaires and interview schedule. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analysis. The result of the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers shows that majority (66.67 percent) of the respondents were males whose age ranged between 41-50 years with mean age of 42 years. Most of them (62.50 percent) were married and had household size of between 6-10 persons with average household size of 8 persons. Majority (50.83 percent) were full-time farmers whose farm size ranged between 1.1-2.0 hectares. Most of the farmers (43.33 percent) had been involved in rice farming for 21-30 years and earned monthly income of between N31,000-N40,000. The result of logistic regression analysis showed a log likelihood ratio of -188. 40 and Chi-square value of 682.559 which was significant at (P= 0.01); implying that all the variables jointly determined the dependent variable. The Pseudo R2 (Nagelkerke) which was 76.6 percent implied that about 76.6 percent of the variation in the adoption of improved rice production technologies was explained by the farmers socio-economic characteristics. Most of the variables were significant and met a priori expectations. The result of factor analysis identified: technical, financial and institutional constraints as major bottlenecks limiting adoption of improved rice production technologies in the area. It was concluded that the socio-economic characteristics of the rural farmers significantly influenced their adoption of improved rice production technologies. Necessary recommendations such as: reviving youths’ interest towards rice production; employing and training more extension workers; timely provision of subsidized agricultural inputs as well as incentives for the formation of cooperative societies; were made.

This article first examines the artistic aspects of Darius in the Bisotun relief. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the artistic aspects of Darius relief beyond the historical documentation to show the art that world is causing this important relief to the world. The method of this article is library documents, which means the necessary information is collected and then precisely will be analyzed. The result shows that the world's first read inscription, Bisotun inscription, is one of the world's most valuable inscriptions that can be seen in its straw Anobanini embossed effect which both of them have been affected by the Assyrian Naram Sin inscriptions. This inscription gives full information to the world, which makes it's worth a hundredfold.

A main part of Iran is considered as arid and semi-arid regions as well as water is one of the limited factors for these areas. Controlling the destructive floods is an important activity due to destructive floods and water shortages. In this regard, flood spreading is an effective strategy to control and use floods. To determine suitable areas for flood spreading and direct water into a permeable formation is one of the most important factors in determining the success of flood spreading projects. The present study was conducted to combine and compare the Delphi and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) for flood spreading in Ivar watershed, NE Iran. For this purpose, 4 main criteria, 8 sub-criteria and 24 indices were selected. Percentage and degree of importance for criteria, sub-criteria and indices of flood spreading was determined by AHP in Expert Choice. Questionnaire forms were filled in by experts so that those which have high degree and percentage of importance are more important. After that, the maps were prepared by geographic information system (GIS). Based on the results of AHP and Expert Choice, the highest and lowest relative importance was recorded for sediment volume and Unemployment rate, respectively. According to Delphi technique, indices of soil permeability, flood quality, soil texture, slope, aqueduct, and sub-criteria of water, aquifer, topography, as well as criteria of permeability and flood are important in order in locating flood spreading for Ivar watershed. According to the results of the techniques used in this study, it is revealed that criteria, sub-criteria and indices in Delphi and AHP have approximate results. Hence, using these techniques interchangeably in location of flood spreading can be effective and practical.

Leadership development is a new initiative that has no precedents upon which to draw. While leadership has been recognized for centuries as essential prerequisite to society’s development, there is no “school” for leadership development. Head nurse/ ward- in – charge have been an established part of the nursing structure and are expected to facilitate staff nurses in their roles as patient caregivers. Nurse leaders have a responsibility to create effective properly functioning units to support the work of nurses. This paper presents an initiative in this direction, by developing the leadership practices of head nurses using a leadership development package. A quasi experimental pretest- post test control group design was used. The findings of the study revealed that the leadership development package could bring in significant improvement in the leadership practices of the head nurses.

Is reality continuous or discrete ? As for the matter and the energy , both are composed of concrete elements : photons , electrons , molecules…Therefore it is pertinent to ask whether spacetime is made of any type of discrete , elementary ingredients . A preliminary approach to this issue is presented . It consists of numerical and geometric equivalences. The introduction of few parameters will help us to analyze some physical and cosmological subjects.

The experimental and theoretical study on the structure and vibrations of 1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione have been carried out by ab initio HF and DFT/B3LYP method with 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the title compound have been recorded. The molecular structure, vibrational wavenumbers, infrared intensities and Raman activities were calculated. The force constants obtained from this study have been utilized in the normal coordinate analysis. The temperature dependence of thermodynamic properties has been analyzed. Molecular electrostatic surface potential (MESP), total electron density distribution and frontier molecular orbital’s (FMO) are constructed at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level to understand the electronic properties. The atomic charges, electronic exchange interaction and charge delocalization of the molecule have been performed by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis.

This study examines a novel written by John Steinbeck and correspondingly its translation into Persian by Valiallah Ebrahimi (1990). Gideon Toury’s Acceptability, Adequacy and Cultural Norms (1995) have been applied in this study. The researcher gathered some information about Toury and his theory of “cultural norms”, and also the two types of translation, namely “adequate” and “acceptable” defined by the same scholar. The translated text was analyzed against the original work to determine if it is source-oriented (adequate) or receptor-oriented (acceptable). The impact of the ideology of the translator on adequacy and acceptability in translation has also been considered as the most important case in the study. The findings of the study revealed that Ebrahimi’s translation was acceptable.

This study examines a novel written by John Steinbeck and correspondingly its translation into Persian by Soroush Habibi (2009). Gideon Toury’s Acceptability, Adequacy and Cultural Norms (1995) have been applied in this study. The researcher gathered some information about Toury and his theory of “cultural norms”, and also the two types of translation, namely “adequate” and “acceptable” defined by the same scholar. The translated text was analyzed against the original work to determine if it is source-oriented (adequate) or receptor-oriented (acceptable). The impact of the ideology of the translator on adequacy and acceptability in translation has also been considered as the most important case in the study. The findings of the study revealed that Habibi’s translation was acceptable.