Archives-July 2019

The important role that the tourism sector as the main instrument in the socio-economic development of any nation cannot be overemphasized. The nation of Nigeria is a multi-religious and multi-ethnic state with over two hundred and fifty ethnic groups that are rich in diverse cultures, Nature has so blessed the country with vast land, beautiful climate and land formation, especially with the swampy coastal lands and beaches to the lush ram forests and the savannah. There are also the parks and games reserves in their natural habitat. The hills, the rocks, lakes, waterfalls, natural and warm springs serve to make the landscape so beautiful. This paper seeks to highlight the place of tourism in employment generation together with a succinct outline of tourism institutional evolution in the Nigerian context. There are so many natural endowments that are yet to be harnessed in full capacity and requiring attention (of the tourism industry) for maximum exploitation and benefits which, no doubt, will increase the economic fortune of the country. The inability to transform our beautiful natural features, land marks, historical sites and cultural heritage sites into tourism assets has been a major concern to stakeholders. This Paper contends that our rich cultural heritage and natural endowments remain as treasure mines to be developed for maximum national benefits especially if the tourism sector is developed.

Pleural effusion is an abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical and etiological profile of patients with pleural effusion. A total of 138 cases (January 2016 to April 2019), the average age was 52 years, men predominated as women. The majority of the effusions are exudative and right-sided. About the etiologies are dominated by malignancy causes (32%) secondly the tuberculosis (31%) and cardiac etiologies (13%) with no apparent cause (9%). Despite the predominance of neoplastic etiologies in our series, tuberculosis remains the common etiology of pleural effusion whose evolution is favourable

Macabo (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott.) May be a solution to the problems of hunger, inadequacy and food insecurity faced by several developing countries like DR Congo, because it is adapted to tropical equatorial and tropical climates. However, its large-scale cultivation encounters a problem of lack of propagating material in quality and quantity sufficient for the extension of the culture related to its mode of multiplication and growth. Indeed, the pronounced dominance of the terminal bud inhibits the development of lateral buds. To try to solve this problem, a study was carried out by experimenting the PIF method in Kisangani. It consisted in evaluating the rejecting power of X. sagittifolium bulbs planted on three different substrates, notably sawdust, charcoal (bio-char) and rice husks. The parameters observed were respectively the recovery rates of the mother bulbs, the number of offspring formed and weaned. The results obtained showed that: 1. The recovery rate of mother bulbs was 100% irrespective of the treatment; 2. After 24 weaning, a 9.6 cm diameter bulb produced 32 and 34 3 cm diameter shoots respectively for sawdust and bio-char, and 32 x 2.9 cm diameter shoots with bulb 8.8 cm in diameter for rice balls. These numbers of offspring do not differ statistically; 3. There is a positive correlation between the size of mother bulbs and the number of offspring formed (Y = -32,057 + 6,926X with r = 0,521) and secondly between the size of mother bulbs and the vigor of the offspring formed (Y = 1,300 + 0,182X with r = 0,560). These results show that the number of offspring formed increases with the size of the mother bulbs and their vigor also depends on it.

The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological diversity of banana and plantain in the province of Maniema and to identify criteria for the choice of planting material, as well as the different uses of banana in the study area. To do this, a survey was carried out using the questionnaire established by Bioversity-CIALCA, on the morphological characterization of the different cultivars. These surveys identified 19 banana cultivars as follows: 4 French type plantains, 3 false horns, 2 true horns, 6 dessert bananas and 4 cooking plantains not belonging to the first three groups. The results also showed that dessert-type bananas are the most diversified in the study area (Maniema Province) with a proportion of 31% followed by French-type plantains with 27%. A small proportion of cooking plantains (7%) were recorded in this region. All these banana and plantain cultivars of the region have been described on the basis of previous knowledge, which allows to enrich the biodiversity knowledge of this crop in the Province of Maniema. Criteria for choosing planting material include flavor, taste, the amount of juice first and demand / price on the market for essential items (such as salt, soap, ...) and for sustainable production because they work for self-consumption. The main uses of banana in the region are food and the manufacture of indigenous alcohol.

Osteoarthritisis one of the most common joint disease encountered, affecting more than 80% of people over the age of 55.It is a major cause of musculoskeletal pain and single most important cause of disability and handicap in old age and, is therefore, an important healthcare burden. Osteoarthritis is not a single entity but rather a heterogeneous group of conditions showing common x-ray and pathological changes and is characterized by joint degeneration, loss of cartilage, alteration of subchondral bones etc.Osteoarthritis principally affects the knee and hip. High tibial osteotomy is a welle stablished procedure for the treatment of unicompartmental osteoarthritis of the knee. In osteoarthritis Varus and valgus deformities are fairly common but Varurs is more as compare to valgus & cause an abnormal distribution of the weight bearing stress within the joint. A total of 26 patients were enrolled for this study and all were treated with tomofix plate. Physical examination and radiographs were performed at regular follow-ups. Functional outcomes were analyzed using knee society scoring system. According to the grading used for functional assessment in knee scores there was definite improvement in the function of cases 22 (96.15%) at 1yrs. But up to 3 months patients required some walking aid in half of the cases. There was very little improvement in the functional knee score in 1 case. The pre-operatively mean functional knee score in 26 cases was 46.8 and post-operatively was 92.5 i.e. the mean improvement in functional knee score is 45.7 (the maximum functional knee score is 100).

There is a growing concern that the global climate is warming to dangerous levels with serious implications on biodiversity components and development. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment identified climate change as a major driver of biodiversity loss and indicated that it will adversely affect key development sectors; including the provision of clean water, energy services and food. An analysis of the relationship between climate change and biodiversity conservation suggest that the causes and impacts of biodiversity loss are gender-based. Consequently, the international community is paying more attention to women and their role in managing and preserving biodiversity. Understanding the gender relations in biodiversity practices forms part of the solution to climate change. This article reviews some of the links between women and the environment, with an explicit focus on the gender dimensions of biodiversity conservation and climate management. The paper looks at the link between women and the environment and aims to develop gender sensitive strategies with regard to climate change adaptation interventions in developing countries. It will inspire the environmental community to better understand the importance of gender and the decisive roles women play in managing and preserving biodiversity. This will inculcate the need to integrate a gender perspective in climate change management in line with the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular, Goals 5, 10 and 13, which call for promotion of gender equality, reduced inequalities and climate action, respectively.

This study discusses the rationale for public-private partnerships (PPP) in the management of urban solid waste (SWM) as well as the conditioning factors (both enhancers and impediments) to the success of PPPs in developing countries. The study adopted the desk review approach largely depending on published and unpublished journal articles and other relevant policy documents on PPP and SWM. The paper argues that three key phases of PPP processes should be seen as closely interlinked and public officials need to demonstrate tactfulness in the processes. The study noted that constraining or limiting factors that affect PPPs in sanitation services of developing countries include secrecy in contracts, inexperienced technical staff and bad faith of local policy elites, poor engagement and inadequate consultation. The study concludes that while PPPs could provide opportunities for harnessing the comparative advantages of both the private sector, PPP should not be regarded as the panacea if adequate measures are not instituted. The paper argues that city authorities need to adopt a prudent approach in their dealings with the private sector towards PPP in solid waste management. Whilst transparency and fair competition in the pre-contract phase, tactfulness and good faith in the contract phase are critical, the regulatory role of the public agency is very crucial in all three phases, especially the post contract phase to check the potential excesses and inertia that could engulf the private partner upon given the contract. The study posits that the efficacy of PPP in solid waste management revolves around competitive procurement process; well-organized private sector; availability of competent and loyal personnel to facilitate or champion fair PPP brokerage and good governance devoid of bad faith on the part of public officials and private actors.

The phenomenon of higher urban populations and increasing levels of industrialization in urban cities of the developing world has increased the volumes of solid wastes generated on daily basis. The increasing volumes have largely overwhelmed the containment capacities of city authorities which, hitherto, wielded the exclusive right and responsibility. There has, therefore, been a paradigm shift which has seen the “institutional field” opened up to allow for other non-state providers to augment the efforts of the public sector. Using the Public Choice Theory as a theoretical lens, this paper discusses the main arguments for non-state intervention in the provision of urban sanitation services as a complementary arrangement to that of the public sector. The tripartite stakeholders – state, private sector and non-governmental organizations – have been discussed in this paper with the help of a framework. The paper further discusses in detail, the role of non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations in urban sanitation service provisions as well as the key challenges encountered. The study concludes by highlighting the need for a level playing field and the need for providing recognition to and support for all stakeholders which would go a long way to enhance urban sanitation service provision.

Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott can provide a solution to the problems of hunger, inadequacy and food insecurity facing many developing countries such as DR Congo, as it is adapted to humid tropical climates and is richer in nutrients than most root and tuber crops. However, its large-scale culture is confronted with the unavailability of propagation material related to its mode of multiplication and growth. In fact, the pronounced dominance imposed by the terminal bud inhibits bud burst and the development of lateral buds that can be used during planting. To try to solve this problem, a study was carried out by experimenting the PIF method in Kisangani. It consisted in evaluating the longevity of the bulbs in relation to their size, to estimate the production of the offspring with regard to the longevity of the mother bulbs and to evaluate the temporal evolution of the vigor of the obtained shoots. The observations made were based respectively on the diameter of the mother bulbs, the neck diameter of the weaned offspring, the lifespan of mother bulbs and the order of weaning. It was then established the relationship between the longevity of the mother bulbs and their size, the number of offspring formed and the lifespan of the mother bulbs and finally between the diameter of offspring formed and the order of weaning. The results obtained showed that: The longevity of the mother bulbs was independent of their size (P = 0,905);There is a positive correlation between the longevity of mother bulbs and the number of offspring formed. This relationship was translated by the equation: Number of offspring formed = 0,847 + 0,004X (X = longevity of mother bulbs). This equation indicates that the number of offspring formed increases moderately with the longevity of the mother bulbs (r = 0,346). The longevity of the bulb explains to 10,9% the increase in the number of the offspring formed (R2 = 0,109);There were no significant differences between the tested substrates with respect to the longevity of the mother bulbs (P = 0,227);There is a close relationship between the weaning order and the vigor of trained and weaned offspring.

Leaf-spot on Litchi chinensis sonn. of family sapindaceae is common disease caused by the pathogens Pestalotipsis spp. and gives different symptoms on leaves i.e. red patches, pore, outgrowth or elevation of tissues, black a white dots, construction, loss of apex, Dwarfism, lost half porton etc., While during the transportation of fruits external layer i.e epicarp and Mesocarp infected by several members of Mucoracae Dube (1979&'83) and causes 7.3-10%Loss in fruits during transportation (rise in temperature).