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Sex, Gender and Sexual orientation are a deep rooted part of human identity. Unfortunately sexual orientation is not explicitly documented in any international human rights documents and humanitarian laws. Except Heterosexual orientation, no others are in mainstream. Undoubtly Sexual Minority (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI)) is also part of human community, so as they are entitled to all human rights on an equal basis with others. But homosexuality is punishable in several countries and misleadingly members of sexual minority people considered as homosexuals further Criminals. Extralegal violence and Discrimination against those are also common. Sexual minorities are forced to remain underground. LGBTI individuals are forced to lead lives in secrete. Despite recent steps forward in the recognition of sexual minority’s rights, the persecution of these people because of their sexual orientation and gender identity is going on continuously. Persecution directed against individuals because of their real or presumed sexual orientation is also a humanitarian issue, as is any persecution. Determination of Refugee Claims based on sexual orientation needs special attention. There are legitimate claims for LGBTI people to gain refugee status under the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (the Geneva Convention”). This Article examines the causes of persecution on the basis of sexual orientation moreover how International Law is embarking upon the problem, most notably the regional legal approach on this issue of persecution, This article suggests that there is a discernible national response in the courts and tribunals of all over world to sexual orientation-based refugee claims.

This article investigates enhancement Solubility is an important physicochemical factor affecting absorption of drug and it’s therapeutic of the dissolution profile of Telmisartan effectiveness. Consequences of poor aqueous solubility would lead to failure in formulation development. Telmisartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist which is used in the prevention and treatment of Hypertension. One of the major problems with it is its low solubility in biological fluids, which results into poor bioavailability after oral administration (~42%) and late onset of action poorly soluble drug, Telmisartan. Solid dispersions were prepared using Polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG-6000). Telmisartan solid dispersions were prepared in 1:1, ratios of the drug to polymer ratio & it’s applied to different techniques of Solid dispersion (by weight) like using Physical mixing, Kneading method solvent evaporation method & fusion method. The formulations were characterized for solubility parameters; drug content studies drug release studies and drug-polymer interactions by using FTIR spectrum & X-RD. Formulation Containing 1:1 ratio of drug: PEG-6000 (Kneading method) show best release with cumulative release of 45.53% as compared to 98.37% for the pure drug. The interaction studies showed no interaction between the drug and polymer, it was concluded that PEG -6000 as carrier can be very well utilize to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs.

We assessed the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic as well as the antioxidant potential effects of the Opuntia streptacantha cladodes juice (OSCJ) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (140 mg/kg of body weight (bw)). The results evidenced that alloxan-induced diabete, caused weight loss, polyphagia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and the disturbance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. The daily oral administration of OSCJ (30 g/kg of b.w during 4 weeks) to diabetic rats clearly improved the antioxidant status in liver and kidney. Such fact is materialized by a decrease in the lipid peroxidation product, thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) level and an increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. Histopathological investigation of the pancreatic tissue of alloxan-diabetic rats indicated the presence of necrosis in the islets of Langerhans cells. The curative effect of OSCJ was well evidenced by normal islets of Langerhans cells, which explain its antidiabetic effect.

The present study was designed to explore the impacts of acceptance and rejection on self-esteem of adolescents. In order to measure the self-esteem of adolescents a rating scale developed by Rifai (1999) was used. Factor Loading Self-esteem Scale consists of 26 items and four factors that were; Self-Acceptance (AC), Self-Competence (SC), Physical Acceptance (PA), Social Acceptance (SA) and Academic Competence (AC). The population consists of 46 female and 54 male adolescents. After data collection reliability, mean and SD were computed. Study found that there is a positive relationship between acceptance-rejection and self-esteem. Adolescents, whose mothers are homemakers, get more acceptances from their parents and friends as compared to those adolescents whose mothers are working outside home.

The study assessed with empirical analysis Impacts of Boko Haram insurgency on educational development in Nigeria. A sample of 120 (34.2%) lecturers and 220 (62.8%) students was drawn from a population of 340 in four (4) faculties of education, humanities, social sciences and management sciences in Ignatus Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, with the use of clustered random sampling technique. Mean was used to answer six (6) research questions while t-test was used to test one (1) null hypothesis at 0.5 level of significance. Findings revealed that Boko Haram insurgency impacted on school children (students), school teachers, teaching and learning, school administration and on school host communities. The study concluded that traumatization, anxiety, academic imbalance, apathy, high incident of school dropouts, loss of concentration in class, low instructional delivery, disruption of examinations, destruction of school buildings/facilities, abduction of school administrators, displacement of families, disintegration of family ties, loss of community norms and values, are some of the impacts of Boko Haram insurgency. t-test analysis of one null hypothesis (Ho1) indicated that there was no significant difference in the means of lecturers and students hence Ho1 was not rejected. The followings among others were therefore recommended: strict border controls, democracy and good governance, perimeter fence for all schools, security budgets for school administrators, unemployment, poverty, deprivation should be addressed, community vigilantes should be re-invigorated, adequate funding for security operations in Nigeria and religious tolerance. Key Words: Impacts, Boko Haram, Insurgency, education, development.

In this paper we are providing an idea of implementing stress analysis algorithms in the basic user interface of the operating system. There are four methods provided from which the user can be analyzed for stress levels by using general usage of his/her cell phone. The mobile device not just performs the task of stress analysis but it also notifies the user if the stress levels go above a critical limit and also notifies the related doctor if the patient ignores the constant notification by the cell phone.

Let f be an element and S a subset of a normed linear space x. A basic Problem of approximation theory is to find an element of S, which is as close as possible to f, i.e. seek an element S* of S such that ? f - S*? ? ?f - s? for all S* in S. This work seeks to use the fourier approximation method using the Inner product space to obtain a best approximation of functions. The fourier approximation in calculus is shown to be a special least square approximation. Define an inner product and norm on c[ -?, ?] by the equation. f.g =?_(-?)^??f(x) g(x)dx and ? f ?= [?_(-?)^??f^2 (x)dx]^(1/2) L Let Jn be the set of all trigonometric polynomial of degree at most n. We seek S* of Jn such that the integral ?_(-?)^?[f (x) - S* (x)] 2dx is minimum. The inner product space, or orthogonal projections, least square approximations and Fourier approximations are defined. The inner product space and orthogonal projection are applied to the least square approximation and subsequently to Fourier approximation in calculus.

This document was prepared by the author in his capacity as Task Manager RCE Kakamega Western. It was the main background paper for the RCE presented at the East Africa Regional RCE’s Pre-Conference Workshop on Environment and Society: Education and Public Awareness for Sustainability held at Golf Hotel, Kakamega, Kenya from 1st to 2nd August 2013. Second, it was a contribution by RCE Kakamega Western towards the implementation of the devolved system of Governance following the promulgation of the Kenya Constitution 2010. It borrows from the special work programme on Chapter 36 of Agenda 21 of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD) which “calls upon UNESCO to refine the concept and key messages of education for sustainable development”. The document is based on a wide variety of source materials, background papers prepared by specialists, and a preparatory meeting held in April 2013. It is to be considered the beginning of a process of discussion and debate, not a conclusion. Among the international institutions contributing to its preparation were: Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST),Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, International Education and Resource Nest Kenya (IEARN) and DAP Media. Beginning with a preface on the vision, mission and background of RCE Kakamega Western, the paper addresses priority issues reflected in the work programme of the CSD. Part I (“What is ‘Sustainable Leadership’?”) examines the emerging vision of ‘sustainability’ or ‘sustainable development’, including consideration of its inter-related components mainly addressing three key challenge areas and opportunities: Society, Economy and Environment. The role of education seen in this perspective is discussed, no longer as an end in itself but as a key instrument for achieving sustainability in the future. Part II (‘The Need for Effective Communication’) takes up the topic of public awareness and understanding as indispensable to support change towards sustainable development. Problems of vested interests, the difficulties of communicating science, the inherent complexity of the issues, and the tendency of the media to focus on extreme positions and controversies are considered. It is suggested that the most effective communication strategy for building awareness and understanding is to focus on problems which the public experiences in everyday life.

Table of contents for the month of April 2013

Table of contents for the month of March 2013