Applied Zoology

Plant materials offer not only mosquito control agents, but also promise to be environmentally safe. Plant allelochemical may be quite useful in increasing the efficacy of biological control agents because plants produce a large variety of compounds that increase their resistance to insect attack. Now a day’s growing use of phytochemical for control of the insects may be attributed to the fact the populations throughout the world are coming to see the dangers inherent is conventional insecticides. Natural botanicals have provided numerous sources of phytochemicals utilized in the development of effective mosquito control agents of plant materials offer not only effective mousquito contol agents, but also promise to be environmentally safe.

The study was conducted during January 2012 to December 2012. The butterflies were collected from different altitudes of Yelagiri hills. Seventy three species of butterflies from fourty six genera in five families were documented. Observations were made on the basis of different seasonal occurrence. We have also documented the rare butterflies in the study area which acknowledges the value of this region for conservation.

The purpose of this study was to detect the concentrations of various heavy metals in meat, liver, milk and fodder of buffaloes by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. For this purpose samples were collected from areas of Kasur and Ring road each having three different sites where fields are irrigated with the industrial effluents. During present investigations the level of most heavy metals in meat of buffaloes ranges from Zn 13.9 to 22.5, Co 0.625 to 33.125, Cu 0.15 to 12.8, Cd 0.14 to 20.4, Ni 2.45 to 27.54, Cr 0.242 to 0.406.However the concentration of these metals in liver of buffaloes ranges from Zn 10.81 to 77.43, Co 3.958 to 20.625, Cu 1.52 to 12.88, Cd 11.85 to 26.1, and Ni 1.29 to 23.38, Cr 0.3122 to 0.4061. In milk of buffaloes it ranges from Zn 3.197 to 18.15, Co 3.958 to 166.458, Cu 0.22 to 6.06, Cd 20.4 to 209, Ni 2.54 to 65.04, Cr 0.2653 to 3.844. Similar levels were seen in fodder of buffaloes Zn 13.15 to 25.05, Co 0.208 to 53.125, Cu 0.38 to 10.61, Cd 0.05 to 9, Ni 0.45 to 47.54, and Cr 0.383 to 0.4765. Generally most values of heavy metals have been found higher in milk of buffaloes from areas of Kasur. Detoxication of industrial effluents being used for irrigation purpose is highly recommended.

Massawas and its surrounding beaches can support a diversity of marine birds along with the Red sea, for weather seasonal, annual, and spatial factors that affect bird richness and abundance on public beaches. To do so, we conducted two years of bird surveys on the beaches. These beaches are permanent natural water bodies, and are important for bird wildlife because they are stable resources for food, water and also good ground for mating purpose. The permanent water bodies are constant and limited for its geographical areas under natural conditions. We studied the marine water birds which are both migrant and resident; its species richness and diversity were studied in Massawa and its surrounding beaches in the Red sea region. It is a good for marine food source and also near by areas for marine birds there was natural vegetation in the seasons and are less important for agricultural resources. These areas were supposed to be earlier in rich resource for different marine bird’s species and may be sometimes disturbed by the seasonal sea tides and also by tourists. The study reveals that there are different species of birds as discussed below. We conclude our study that reductions in the rate of population decline of the observed species of marine bird biodiversity. To protect such species great care must be exercised either by governmental or by non-governmental agencies. Across all species we found that there are 10 marine bird species of this region and calculated there values the bird species and abundance and obtained low values indicating low bird richness and abundance, it may be due to strongly affected by seasons, natural habitat and the availability of food and are the basis for conducive environment for breeding for maintaining next generation.

Root-knot nematodes modify plants root tissue and decrease plant growth and ultimately the crop yield the severity of crops loss resulting from root-knot nematode attack in the field is influenced by many biological and physiological factors. Though most of the researchers have investigated that leaves, roots are valuable constituents of the plants for nematicidal activities. Hence, the present study the biochemical characteristics like phenol, nitrate reductase activity and total chlorophyll content of horse gram, Macrotyloma uniflorum on infected with Meloidogyne incognita treated with leaf extract of Aegle marmelos. The biochemical constituents like nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll content were increased by increasing concentration of leaf extract treated plants and it is decreased by increasing level of egg masses (5, 10 and 15) inoculated control than non- inoculated control except phenol.

Present investigation deals with the assessment of fecundity of catfish Macrones vittatus (Bloch, 1794) collected from Bhategaon dam, Maharashtra during January to December 2011. The mean value of fecundity produced by an individual fish was found to vary between 2562 to 26316. In Macrones vittatus (Bloch, 1794) maximum number of eggs was observed in 162 mm in total length and 30065 mg in body weight, whereas, minimum was observed in 102 mm in total length and 9265 mg in body weight. The relationship of fecundity with other parameters such as Total length (TL), Total weight (TW), Ovary weight (OW) and Ovary length (OL) were found to be linear and non linear and the values of correlation coefficient (r) was 0.92, -0.11, 0.93 and 0.81.