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Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that can infect a wide range of warm-blooded animals including humans. In humans and other intermediate hosts, toxoplasma develops into chronic infection that cannot be eliminated by host’s immune response or by currently used drugs. The ability of the parasite to convert to the bradyzoite stage and live inside slow-growing cysts that can go unnoticed by the host immune system allows for parasite persistence for the life of the infected host. Little is known, however, about how bradyzoites manipulate their host cell. Large scale microarray experiments are becoming increasingly routine, particularly those which track a number of different cell lines through time. This time course information provides valuable insight into dynamics of various biological processes. The proper statistical analysis, however, requires the use of more sophisticated tools and complex statistical models. In the current study, the open-source R programming environment in conjunction with the open-source Bioconductor software were used to analyze microarray data of T. gondii. Several statistical analysis procedures like (log) fold changes in conjunction with ordinary and moderated t-statistics have been used for determining differentially expressed genes. The differentially expressed genes were subjected to cluster analysis followed by the annotation of the up and down regulated genes based on the gene ontology. The findings in this study suggests the overall effect of the gene expression changes is to modulate the key metabolic pathways leading to compromised host immune response, enhancement in programmed cell death, depression in cell proliferation process and induction of various diseases

In this present study groundwater quality analysis, of nine fluoride affected villages in and around Mundaragi taluka of Gadag district in Karnataka, has been carried out in pre-monsoon season. The samples were collected in the month of February 2012, all the reagents used were of AR grade and standard methods were followed. The study revealed that all the nine villages have fluoride ion concentration above permissible limits. Higher fluoride concentration of 6.9 mg/L was observed in Mevundi village and lower concentration of 2.3 mg/L was observed in Hirewaddatti village.

In recent years, we have witnessed a dramatic popularity of online social networking services, in which millions of people publicly communicate for a kind of mutual friendship relations. Social network research is one of the fastest growing academic areas as it is continuously expanding within our society. One key element of this field of research is social network visualization, which refers to the use of sociogram / illustrative diagrams of the joins that connect various actors in social networks. Visualization of social networks has a rich history, particularly within the social science since at least the 1930s. The use of graphical representations is one of the main defining properties of social networks. Researchers make use of pictorial images of social networks in order to communicate and understand the content and patterns within social networks. However, visual diagrams of social networks often suffer from a range of problems, the most common of which being the high density of edges and complex structures in large networks, providing sociograms that often appear as unclear set of nodes and edges. In this paper, we have made every possible effort to remove the fear from mind of people that understanding networks is a difficult process as it is difficult to visualize, navigate, and find patterns in networks. For this, we begin by defining what constitutes a social network site and then present our introduction of basic concepts of social networks, social network sites and then discussed about visualization needs and problems, benefits of using data visualization, implementations of visualization available over time.

In this paper Game Theory is applied to the context of SYN flooding and modeled the game as a two-person non-cooperative zero sum game between the defender (web server administrator) and attacker (any malicious client). This is basically a static Bayesian game model. The elements of the payoff matrix are computed based on Erlang loss queuing cost model. The numerical illustrations are also provided.

World population growth and increasing needs to various industries have led to the accumulation of a wide variety of contaminants in the environment and natural resources. Synthetic dyes have been widely used in many industries. The contamination of receiving water bodies by heavy metals constitutes a major environmental concern as these contaminants are extremely toxic, recalcitrant, and exhibit a tendency to bioaccumulate. Although heavy metals can be removed from industrial wastewater by a range of physicochemical treatment technologies such as precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, electrochemical processes, and membrane processes; however, regulatory standards are not always sufficient. As an alternative, biological treatments are a relatively inexpensive way to remove dyes from wastewater. These methods have the advantage over such as low operating cost, minimization of the concentration of pollutant and high efficiency in detoxifying very dilute effluents. In this paper, two types of bacteria were tested in the removal of crystal violet dye from textile effluent. Complete physico-chemical characterizations of the effluent have been measured. Bio-Log identification indicated that the two bacterial isolates are Bacillus Pumilus and Micrococcus lylae. Removal efficiency was 89.47 % and 88.4% respectively. Complete characterizations of such type of bacteria have been tested.

The fruits of Balanites aegyptiaca and Parinarium macrophylum were analysed for moisture, solid, crude protein, crude fibre, lipids, carbohydrates, acidity, ash, organic matter, ascorbic acid, potassium and sodium contents. The average mass of each fruit was 4.12 ± 0.68g and 50.52 ± 6.25g respectively. The percentage ash, organic matter, and crude fibre were 8.12 ± 0.87%, 91.89 ± 0.97% and 2.09 ± 0.00% for Balanites aegyptiaca and 4.51 ± 0.07%, 95.49 ± 0.07% and 96.32 ± 0.46% for Parinarium macrophylum respectively. The percentage vitamin C content was 0.04 ± 0.00% and 0.02 ± 0.00%, while total acidity was found to be 0.19 ± 0.00M and 0.05 ± 0.00M for each fruit. The sodium and potassium content was 4.33 ± 0.02% and 0.94 ± 0.04% for Balanites aegyptiaca and 17.99 ± 0.03% and 0.73 ± 0.07% for Parinarium macrophylum.

Oxalate (soluble and total), phytic acid, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and tannin content of Lasienthera Africana (Editan), Heinsia Crinata (Atama) and piper quineensis (Adusa) were analyzed. The moisture content was first determined and results showed the highest level for lasienthera Africana as (7.52%) and the least (5.14%) for Heinsia Crinata. Standard analytical method was used to estimate the levels of the toxicants in the three vegetables. The result of the analysis showed that Heinsia Crinata, had the maximum total oxalate content of (10.40mg/10g) while piper quineensis had the minimum level of (2.50mg/100g). The highest value of phytic acid (743.00mg/100g) was found in piper quineensis and the minimum value (484.00mg/100g) was found in Lasintherra Africana. The maximum level of HCN (0.43mg/100g) was found in Heinsia Crinata and the minimum value (0.17mg/100g) obtained for piper quineensis. While Tannin recorded least (50.20mg/100g) for piper quineensis and maximum (63.40mg/100g) for Lasienthera Africana. When these result were compared with their respective, lethal does, and the values obtained for other edible leaves the leaves were found to be fit for consumption with respect to their toxicant contents.

Sanitation generally refers to principles, practices, provisions, or services related to cleanliness and hygiene in personal and public life for the protection and promotion of human health and well being and breaking the cycle of disease or illness. It is also related to the principles and practices relating to the collection, treatment, removal or disposal of human excreta, household waste water and other pollutants. In this paper a study have been performed to describe the status of sanitation in U.P. and it is comprises with the Sanitation status of India. For the above purposes secondary data from Tables on Houses, Household Amenities and Assets of the Census 2001 and Census 2011, data by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Swacha Bharat Mission (Gramin), Baseline Survey-2012 and some facts and figures given UNICEF and WHO have been used for the fulfilment of the need. Analysis of the data has been performed for both at all India level and State level (Uttar Pradesh) level especially.

In this paper, some engineering properties of sugar cane stalk are determined. For this purpose, two varieties of sugar cane including L310 and L820 varieties with average moisture contents of 76.4 and 73.8% wet basis, respectively, were used. The experiments were conducted at ten internode positions down from the flower for both varieties. Based on the results obtained, the averages of stalk’s diameter, cross-section area and second moment of area of L310 variety were higher than those of L820 variety, while the average of stalk’s length of L820 variety was higher than that of L310 variety. The internode position had no significant effect on the shearing and bending properties of both varieties. Furthermore, there was significant difference between the two varieties in the case of Young’s modulus, while there was not any difference in the case of shear strength, specific shearing energy and bending strength. The average of Young’s modulus of L820 variety was significantly higher than that of L310 variety. The mean values of shear strength, specific shearing energy, bending strength, and Young’s modulus of L310 and L820 varieties were obtained as 4.92 and 5.25 MPa, 53.36 and 57.35 mJ mm^-2,  9.58 and 9.20 MPa, and 18.81 and 24.50 MPa, respectively.

The purpose of this study was to find out those competencies that Teachers’ Service Commission (TSC) appointed Heads of Department in secondary schools should have for effective performance of their administrative duties and responsibilities. Major areas of responsibility for study were: Responsibility for Curriculum; Responsibility for Teachers; Responsibility for Learners; Responsibility for Resources; and Responsibility for Finance. Under these areas of responsibility, 46 specific tasks were identified and consequently studied. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used for the study. There were 37 Heads of Department, 112 teachers, 24 head-teachers and 2 Quality Assurance and Standards officers’ in-charge of secondary schools selected from Siaya District. Data collection techniques included questionnaires, interviews and document analysis. For data analysis, mean scores and percentages were used to describe data. T-test and chi-square statistical techniques were used to draw inferences. The findings of the study revealed that heads of departments in secondary schools are lacking in certain competencies which are crucial for effective performance of their administrative functions and responsibilities. The most discrepant competencies were found to be in the area of Responsibility for Curriculum, and Teachers. On the basis of the findings, recommendations were made on how to equip heads of department with the necessary competencies in order for them to be effective in their work. These include the need to: offer extra job- focused formal training to heads of department; broaden, detail and make practicable education administration curriculum in teacher training institutions; provide elaborate job description manual; provide incentives to these administrators; and have quality assurance personnel make frequent and broad based supervision of the work of Heads of Department.