Pharmacy

Drug-related problems include medication errors and adverse drug reactions. Liver is the hub of metabolic activity of the body indeed, most drugs are modified or metabolized in liver. Thus, drugs that are dependent primarily on the liver for their systemic clearance are like to have reduced elimination and subsequent accumulation, leading to excessive plasma drug concentration and adverse effects. However the effects of hepatic insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of the drug are not consistent or predictable. The pharmacokinetic properties of an administered drug may be modified due to alterations in hemodynamics and/or in the so-called intrinsic clearance. Drugs with first pass metabolism require reduction in oral dosages; for high clearance drugs both loading and maintenance dosages need adjustment whereas for low clearance drugs maintenance dose only needs adjustment whenever possible, measuring drug level in the blood and monitoring of adverse events should be done fairly frequently. To sum up thus there are a large category of drugs used for different therapeutic indications which are toxic to the liver and kidney and thus should be cautiously administered; particularly when given at high doses or used for chronic or long term administration. This review pitches light on various drugs which induce renal and hepatotoxicity, with their mechanism of damage and clinical scenario.

The dried calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., have gained importance as local soft drink and medical herb in Ghana. There are speculations it has anti-cancer property, and that the decoction is better than the infusion. In view of these the Total Phenolic and Flavonoid content of both preparations was investigated. The decoction method gave the highest % yield of crude extract (76%) and of total flavonoid content (5887.5?g QE/g) while the infusion method gave the highest TPC value (46.123mg GAE/g). Also higher values of TPC and TFC were obtained from the S. samples compare to the B. samples. All the TFC values obtained from the decoction method were higher than the infusion values. Out of the 8 samples, TPC values of 3 (Kaneshie.S, Madina.S, and Nima.B) of the decoction method were lower than that of infusion. As flavonoids play vital role in scavenging free radicals in organisms, the decoction process can be recommended. Since the differences in the decoction and infusion’s data are not big, both preparations can be used.

In order to develop a superior formulation for skin decontamination of 99mTc-pertechnetate (a potential radiocontaminant), a topical gel formulation containing disodium edetate was optimized by using 2-factor, 3-level central composite design. Polymer concentration (A) and disodium edetate concentration (B) were selected as the independent variables and the dependent variables were selected as viscosity (Y1), spreadability (Y2) and extrudability (Y3) of the gel. The viscosity of the gel was found to decrease proportionally with spreadability and extrudability, whereas the spreadability was increased proportionally with extrudability. Validation of the optimization study with 13 confirmatory runs indicated a high degree of predictive ability of response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized formulations were evaluated for drug content, in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo and skin irritation studies. The in vitro evaluation of the topical gel efficacy study confirmed the good chelation efficacy of disodium edetate molecules with 99mTc-pertechnetate ions. The ex vivo diffusion kinetics study demonstrated that the permeation rate of 99mTc-pertechnetate through intact skin was decreased to 83.68% after immediate application of disodium edetate gel. In vivo studies demonstrated that the application of topical gel is effective in external decontamination of 99mTc-pertecnetate from male Sprague-Dawley rats. The optimized gels did not produce any dermatological reactions on rats. All the results of the study revealed that disodium edetate loaded topical gel is a promising formulation for the external decontamination of radioactive agents.

Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health science with chemical science and it is charged with ensuring the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. Drugs Control Department is independent of the Health Department and the Heads of these Departments are reporting to the Government directly. The State of Puducherry has some of the country's most dynamic entrepreneurs who are original and fast-paced in their thinking and focused in their drive for growth and profitability. Puducherry is one of the most industrialised states with 10 Manufacturing units are WHO GMP certified. Puducherry is one of the fastest growing states in the Country and nearly 105 pharma companies are housed in the State. Puducherry is a vibrant pharmaceutical manufacturing hub with skilled human resource available in the state, it provides innovative, quality and affordable health care solution to masses. In this short review author provides some of the glimpses of the pharmacy profession in Puducherry.

We report in this study the cases of epilepsy observed in the onchocerciasis focus of the city of Inga in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The aim of this study is to contribute to the search for a possible epilepsy-onchocerciasis relationship in the city of Inga. The average age of our patients is 39, 12 ± 15.71 years with a male predominance (sex ratio = 2, 62). Fishermen are the most affected by onchocerciasis with 44.85%. The length of stay of patients in the city of Inga is 24, 71 ± 9.5 years. The exsangual cutaneous biopsy was positive in 58 people out of 100, ie 58%. The mean parasitic load is 4.65 ± 2.6 microfilariae per biopsy. The presence of onchocerciasis in the city of Inga does not seem to be a determining factor in the occurrence of epilepsy: in our study the association of epilepsy and onchocerciasis has not been demonstrated (p = 0.075). Onchocerciasis could be, due to insomnia and the state of hyperexcitability that it causes, a factor favoring the onset of epileptic seizures and not a cause of epilepsy.

Water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions are potential for enhancing oral bioavailability of drugs with high solubility and low permeability, but their industrial application is limited due to the instability. Herein, a novel formulation is developed-a self-double-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SDEDDS) by formulating mixtures of hydrophilic surfactants and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. The optimized formulations are stable. SDEDDS can spontaneously emulsify to water-in-oil in-water (w/o/w) double emulsions in the mixed aqueous gastrointestinal environment, with drug encapsulated in the internal water phase of the double emulsions. SDEDDS was employed to improve the oral absorption of Vancomycin Hydrochloride, a peptide-like drug with high solubility and low permeability. The optimized Vancomycin -SDEDDS were found to be stable up to 3 months under 40ºC.

The aim of the present study was to develop Ropinirole hydrochloride nanoparticle and to study its release profile. Ropinirole hydrochloride alleviates this deficiency by stimulating striatal dopamine receptors. Ropinirole hydrochloride has got complete but variable oral absorption with less bioavailability approximately 50%. Hence, nanoparticles of Ropinirole hydrochloride was developed to improve drug diffusion profile and hence the oral bioavailability. Ropinirole hydrochloride nanosuspension stabilised by poloxamer F-68 was first prepared by milling technique and was lyophilized to obtain nanoparticle using mannitol (1:1 w/v) as cryoprotectant. Developed nanoparticle was characterized for its particle size and size distribution, drug content and % drug entrapment. In vitro dissolution study using dissolution bag (12000 D) and ex vivo study in rat ileum were carried out using 0.1N hydrochloric acid as dissolution medium. Particle size, Zeta potential, % drug content and % drug entrapment of the nanoparticles of the Ropinirole hydrochloride were found to be 282nm±23, 54.9mV±9.36, 98.9±0.86% and 62±0.87% respectively. In vitro, ex vivo permeation study revealed that cumulative percentage drug permeated was found to be 73.7±1.9% and 65.26±1.1% in 24 hrs. From the results it could be considered that the developed ropinirole hydrochloride nanoparticles may be an alternative for the treatment of Parkinsonism.

Freeze-drying has been developed as a good technique to improve the solubility, dissolution and stability of microparticle. The poor stability and dissolution in an aqueous medium of these systems forms a real barrier against the pharmaceutical use of microparticle and microparticle. This reviews paper suggest about the freeze-drying microparticle and microparticle. It discusses the most important parameters that influence the success of freeze-drying of these fragile systems, and provides an overview of microparticle freeze-drying process and formulation strategies with a focus on the impact of formulation of different particles (nanoparticles and microparticle) and crystals stability.

Simple, sensitive and rapid spectrophotometric and HPLC methods were developed for the determination of cefquinome sulphate in bulk and dosage forms. The methods were based on the measuring of the first and second derivative at 286nm and 300nm respectively. Regression analysis of Beer's plot showed good correlation (r=0.9997) in a concentration range of 4-12?g/ml. The recovery percentage was 100.1± 0.575% (n=3), which reflected no interference by the suspension excipients. The results obtained by the developed methods for the suspension dosage form were statistically compared with those of a developed HPLC method and evaluated at 95% confidence limits.

The prevalence of Bombay blood group in Employees State Insurance Medical College and Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science and Research centre(ESICMC-PGIMSR), a tertiary health provider in Karnataka, South India.