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Looking at markets at global level, every country has its own norms, traditions, and habits. If we look at market at nation level, every market is different from other market in that it has its own norms, traditions and habits which influence individuals’ purchase behavior in a given market. If selling company fails to undertake a thorough investigation into how buyers think about their target market and how buying behavior should be and how to use company’s products, they will encounter astonishing situation in which they have to pay huge costs. The present applied research concerns Management and Economy students of Islamic Azad University (Science and Research Branch). The sampling method of the study is a stratified random method. For variable measurements, a questionnaire was used; the reliability of the questionnaire was measured by Cronbach’s alpha, the amount of which was obtained 93 percent, indicating an acceptable reliability. For field operation part, a number of 246 questionnaires were completed. Non-parametric methods were also used for data analysis, and then the validity and reliability of the questionnaire were measured and confirmed. In this regard, the value of Cronbach’s alpha was obtained 93 percent, which indicates an acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. For inferential and testing hypothesis part, we used Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Spearman, structural equation modelling and Friedman. The results of hypothesis test led to the rejection of a number of hypotheses and significance of the relationship between variables. In the end, using structural equation modelling, researcher’s proposed model was fitted.

Naturalism was a literary movement taking place from the 1880s to 1940s that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. It was depicted as a literary movement that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces influencing the actions of its subjects. Naturalistic works often include sordid subject matter, frankness about sexuality along with a pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, violence, prejudice, disease, corruption, prostitution, and filth. This study focused on the Sadegh Choobak's Short Story A Man in the Cage from the viewpoint of literary naturalism. In this regard, the story's naturalistic features represented and discussed.

Team-based learning (TBL) is an effective way of incorporating interactive small group peer teaching and enthusiasm for learning. The objective of this study is to evaluated student perceptions of team based learning by using a survey that elicited perceptions of different modes of learning between UK and Pakistani students. Overall 733 students were selected on the basis of quota sampling between two countries. Student preferences of teamwork were measured with 15 items scale. These were self administered questionnaire asking for responses on a five point Likert scale. Structural equation model (SEM) was applied on the obtained data set to find the difference between the preferences of English and Pakistani students regarding teamwork. Both groups had a common definition of teams and agreed on the value of teams with regard to satisfaction and productivity. The result shows that there exists difference in student preferences of teamwork. Students of both the cultures show positive response that teams are effective way to learn the management courses and increase their productivity and working in a team improve their ability to learn new things. However, Pakistani students showed more preference for teamwork as compared to UK students. Their attitudes diverged, however, with regard to the presence of slackers on the team. Possible reasons for the similarities and divergence are discussed.

The present study investigates the problem of counterfeiting from consumer’s perspective. Fashion products and accessories like garments and shoes are the products that are mostly counterfeited. The present study profiles the consumers of counterfeit garments and shoes with respect to their demographic determinants such as age, education, income and occupation. Face to face interviews by using mall-intercept method were conducted on 200 consumers in Delhi, India. The findings revealed that students and private sector employees with low disposable income have a positive perception towards counterfeit garments.

HVA foods (Pvt) Ltd, is a company that is committed to enhancing the quality of life of discerning global consumers by providing natural beverages. Its parent Company HVA Lanka Exports (Pvt) Ltd, was established in 1990 as an off shore office of HVA International B V of The Netherlands. After becoming a fully Sri Lankan Enterprise by the mid 90s, HVA Foods has been the proud Winner of Six Gold Awards as the exporter of the year in both traditional and non-traditional exports from Sri Lanka. Their commitment to quality was acknowledged with the ISO 22000 in September 2007 to both HVA Foods (Pvt) Ltd and HVA Lanka Exports (Pvt) Ltd.

In all kinds of forums communication takes place. These forums could be social, academic, political, cultural, and technological. In a communication setting, information, messages and the whole array of ideas and suggestions are exchanged by groups of people. This paper will use “presenters” and “listeners” for these two groups of people. A further clarification in this realm of communication is production and reception. The production realm of communication will emphasize the oral skills, which necessarily imply speaking, and forms of Non-verbal Communication. The reception will include reading and listening. Currently however, in the communication spheres, it has become difficult to draw lines among the 4 basic communication skills of Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing. It is not clear whether reading lies wholly on reception or whether it can also be considered a production aspect of communication. The situation being referred to here is where one reads out aloud to an audience. The basic question we would need to consider is when reading, is one engaged in producing or receiving as the listeners do? The field of psycholinguistics discerns these differences. They are not the specific focus of this paper. Likewise, in a writing session when one generates ideas as one writes can one be termed to be receiving or producing? The confines of this paper will be productive skills and the emphasis will be on presentation skills in the jurisdiction of speakers. The paper stakes its claim on the issue that the person who gives information orally has others listening to him/her. The presenters use Language or words in speech and Non-verbal cues to get their messages across. These cues are categorized as gestures, facial expressions and expressive movements. As the presenter manifests these communicative acts, certain impressions form in the mind of those at the receiving end and these in turn affect the presenter and create an impact on the listener/recipient of the information. The objective of this paper will be to discuss the paradoxes of the impact of oral presentation. It is a known fact, albeit subtly, that those who listen to a presentation affect the presenters. The impact of the listener on the presenter determines the level of communication. This is the focus of this paper.

In this study, we investigate the effect of asphalt rutting on road Traffic collision. Rutting is one of the most important and customary failures in flexible pavements, not only impose heavy costs on custodians and road users, but also cause lots of safety hazards. rutting occurs by permanent and irreversible aggregate changes in surface layers of pavement under the under repeated traffic loading Among all the involved layers in rutting, the permanent movement in surface layer of the pavement allocate a great deal of fractures, so it is necessary to pay close attention to the permanent changes in asphalt mixtures in aggregation plans. By having view to the climatic conditions, the slipping potential of vehicles in rainy or snowy weather leads to reduction in roads safety, and consequently increase in Traffic collision. The statistical population in this research is 45 randomly selected drivers of crew members in public transformation fleet, freight, and passengers' cars. The applied data collection method in research is questionnaire and SPSS Statistical software used to data analysis. In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of asphalt rutting in Ghorveh-Hamedan route and its correlation with Traffic collision.

In the present investigation suggests that screening of heavy metal degradation by microfungi. Some of the microfungi were isolated from heavy metal contaminated soil samples. The percentage degradation was high in Trichoderma viride followed by Aspergillus awamori, A.fumigatus, A.niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium sp, P.citrinum, Fusarium sp, F.solani and Trichoderma harzianum were screening. The specific heavy metal such as magnesium sulphate, zinc sulphate, copper sulphate and lead acetate with different concentration of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg/l was treated with PD broth. Among the four heavy metal degradation process with the maximum percentage of magnesium sulphate heavy metal degraded by potential microfungi. However less concentration of heavy metal was maximum percentage of degradation when compared with high concentration because molecular oxidation and reduction process was very easy. The potential microfungi T.viride was excellent degradation not only the low concentration but also high concentration of heavy metal due to the that native isolates of microfungi.

The impacts of superficial mycosis badly affecting the individuals. The nails, hair and skin infections collectively known as dermatophytosis and its creating a social stigma. Both dermatophytes and non dermatophytes are the cause for the nail infections but onychomycosis is a non dermatophytic nail infection. Considerable percentage of the onychomycosis is caused by the candida species .Drug resistant and multi drug resistant candida often isolated from the onychomycosis which interferes in treatment. In view of finding the effective solution for these drug resistant candida strain, The present study was undertaken. Totally 30 numbers of the candida isolates which were originally isolated from the onychomycosis cases were subjected to the antifungal activity of the green synthesized silver nano particles. Terminalia chebula was used in green nano synthesis and reduced silver nitrate bulk materials to nano size materials. It was recorded that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles comparatively shown their best anti candidal activity than aqueous extract of T.chebula and AgNo3 aqueous solution.

In this study a mathematical Analysis is used to estimate the energy efficiencies of cucumber producers based on eight energy inputs including human labor, diesel fuel, machinery, fertilizers, chemicals, water for irrigation, electricity and seed energy and single output of cucumber production. Data were collected using face-to-face surveys from 20 greenhouses in Isfahan province of Iran. Energy indices, technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies were calculated by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach for 20 cucumber greenhouses. Total energy input and output were calculated as 163994 MJha-1 and 62496 MJha-1, respectively, whereas diesel fuel consumption with 45.15% was the highestlevel between energy inputs. Energy output-input ratio, energy productivity and net energy gain were 0.38, 0.47 kg MJ?1, -101498MJ ha?1, respectively. Results showed that DEA approach was a very useful tool for benchmarking and improving the energy efficiency in agricultural production. The use of this methodology provides an important knowledge about the wasteful uses of energy.