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To retain the existing human resource, especially the expert and active ones, is of the main goals of each organization. The management tries to maintain the human resources by increasing their job satisfaction. Lack of attention to employees' job satisfaction leads to numerous problems of the most important is job turnover. Given this fact that most the factors affect the job satisfaction similarly affect the organizational commitment, according to scholars, there exists a significant relationship between them. Accordingly, after reviewing the literature relating to job satisfaction and turnover, the purpose of this study was to examine the mediating role of organizational commitment in the relationship between job satisfaction and intention to leave. In doing so, 224 employees of warehouse and logistics of Raazi Petrochemical Company were investigated by distributing the questionnaires and 200 well-qualified ones were returned. Gathered data was analyzed using the structural equation modeling technique. Research results indicated that the tested model is goodly fitted to data, and all the four hypotheses were statistically confirmed. In general, results of this study indicated the efficiency of proposed model for decreasing the under-study employees' intention to leave. Finally, some practical and research implications were provided for the statistical population, which can be utilized considering the research limitations.

The study is conducted in order to identify the role of Non-Governmental organizations in community development in Ideato North LGA of Imo State. The objective of the study is to examine the role of non-governmental organizations in community development in Ideato North Local Government Area of Imo State. Three research questions were raised for the study while three hypotheses were formulated. The survey research design was adopted for the study. The population size is 118,519 while the sample size is 100, and to get the sample size, the Taro Yamani formula was used. The questionnaire was the main instrument used for data collection. The data collected was subjected to simple validity and reliability tests. The analysis of the data was based on statistical frequency tables, and chi-square x technique was used to test the level of significance. Some of the findings were that non-governmental organization has helped in the rapid community development in Ideato North. Based on the findings, recommendations were made for improvement. Serious efforts were made by the NGO's to bring about a uniform development in the communities in Ideato North LGA of Imo State.

This paper is on the growing importance of Human Resource Information System and High Performance Work System’s perspective for small and medium-sized enterprises. There are a lot of small firms that experience crucial HRIS difficulties, but in the same manner, HPWS also act a main role in developing and sustaining their competitive resources in employee performances. The main focus of this research paper is to explore the different aspects and also analyze barriers which occur during the implementation of its practices as well as study the IT and HPWS approach influence on training and developments, performance management and recruitment. To present a comprehensive literature review of these practices in Pakistani SMEs, we did Qualitative descriptive survey research.

We have studied the impact of CMEs on the ionospheric critical frequency foF2 during the period 1996-2013. We have correlated the monthly maximum values of foF2 with monthly averages of CME’s energy, mass and speed; we found that the correlation coefficient R is 74%, 52% and 65% respectively. This indicates that the energetic, massive and fast CMEs can affect the ionospheric critical frequency foF2 more efficiently. In addition, the monthly average CME’s width correlates with the monthly maximum foF2 with R~57%. This implies that as the width of the CME increases, the possibility of this event to hit the Earth increases and the ionospheric-targeted area increases, thus the foF2 values; as an implication of increasing the ionization of the ionosphere; subsequently increases.

Pollution of inland waters by agricultural, industrial and municipal wastes is a global problem and a common phenomenon in developing countries. These anthropogenic activities within the landscape facilitate the transfer of nutrients into aquatic ecosystems, sometimes leading to eutrophication which has adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems. Deposition of nutrient-rich sediments washed into rivers and stream is common during rainy season in places where the riparian buffer zones have been destroyed. River Isiukhu watershed land use comprises sugar-cane farm, forested, peri-urban and mixed agriculture from upstream to downtream. The research employed stratified random sampling. Nitrate-nitrogen was determined through ultra-violet screening spectrophotometric method while phosphate-phosphorus through ascorbic acid method. Data analyses were done using Statistical Analysis System, version 9.1. Land use had a significant effect of both nitrate-nitrogen (F=1372.25, p<0.05) and phosphate-phosphorus concentrations. Peri-urban and mixed agricultural land uses recorded higher concentrations of these two nutrients while the forest land use recorded the lowest. The study showed that the type of riparian land use land cover influences nutrient concentrations in a water body and is an important area to be focused on by watershed managers.

The hexavalent chromium present in waste water has adverse affect on aquatic life and humans. Various methods are available for the removal of hexavalent chromium includes chemical precipitation, ion exchange, reduction, electrochemical precipitation, solvent extraction, membrane separation, evaporation, foam separation and biosorption. Among these, biosorption is one of the low cost separation technique for the removal of chromium using agricultural waste as adsorbents which are cheap and readily available and also has the advantage of practical replacement to conventional processes. The kinetic models and adsorption isotherms for the efficient removal of hexavalent chromium are presented from various sources. The present review elaborate the findings of hexavalent chromium removal with the maximum metal uptake, adsorption parameters using agricultural wastes as adsorbents

The English language teaching tradition has been subjected to a tremendous change, especially throughout the twentieth century. Perhaps more than any other discipline, this tradition has been practiced, in various adaptations, in language classrooms all around the world for centuries. While the teaching of Maths or Physics, has, to a greater or lesser extent, remained the same, this is hardly the case with English or language teaching in general. In the Western world back in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, foreign language learning was associated with the learning of Latin and Greek, both supposed to promote their speakers' intellectuality (Cercignani, 1981). At the time, it was of vital importance to focus on grammatical rules, syntactic structures, along with rote memorisation of vocabulary and translation of literary texts. There was no provision for the oral use of the languages under study; after all, both Latin and Greek were not being taught for oral communication but for the sake of their speakers' becoming "scholarly?" or creating an illusion of "erudition." Late in the nineteenth century, the Classical Method came to be known as the Grammar Translation Method, which offered very little beyond an insight into the grammatical rules attending the process of translating from the second to the native language (Malloy, 2005).

Ultrasonic velocities, viscosities and densities of binary liquid mixtures containing dimethyl carbonate and cresols (ortho, meta and para) have been measured at temperatures T= (303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15) K over the entire mole fraction range of dimethyl carbonate. The theoretical values of ultrasonic velocity were evaluated using Nomoto’s relation (UNR), impedance relation (UIR), ideal mixing relation (UIMR), Jungie’s relation (UJR), and Rao’s specific velocity relation(UR).The molecular interaction parameter (?) has been evaluated from the values of experimental and theoretical velocities. The experimental data of viscosity is used to test the applicability of semi empirical relations of various viscosity models like Grunberg–Nissan, Katti–Chaudhri, Heric–Brewer and Hind et al. for the systems studied. On the basis of the values of interaction parameters (d) of these viscosity models and interaction parameter (?) obtained from various velocity models ,the nature of molecular interactions between the components of mixtures have been explained.

The present study focuses on the role of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) in assessment of changes in vegetation cover, between 1973 and 2010, in the Salem revenue division, Salem district of Tamilnadu, India. The trend of vegetal cover changes over the time span of 37 years, was precisely analysed using Satellite images. The study revealed that the vegetal cover was 1325.99 and 1199.04 sqkm in 1973 and 2010 respectively. It was noticed that vegetal cover has decreased in 2010, because of the urban expansion led deforestation. It also revealed that the vegetal cover loss is due to expansion of cultivation and human interference. It is envisaged that the study would prove the usefulness of Remote Sensing and GIS in forest restoration planning.

The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-nitropyridine (HMNP) have been recorded and analyzed. The optimized geometry, and harmonic vibrational wave numbers of HMNP have been investigated with the help of B3LYP scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) method supplemented with 6-311++G** basis set. The infrared and Raman spectra were predicted theoretically from the calculated intensities. The observed and simulated spectra were found to be well comparable.