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The bacterial polyesters may be considered as “Green Plastics”, because of their biodegradable nature. These polyesters can be employed for packaging and coating materials / as biodegradable carriers and applied in biomedical field. PHA producing Bacteria were isolated from the soil samples collected from various locations of Salem district in Tamil Nadu, India. The bacterial consortium was screened and confirmed for indigenous Ralstonia strains producing Polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHA) by colony morphology and biochemical analysis. The PHA production was confirmed by the presence of lipid cellular inclusions using Sudan Black B staining. Three strains (YRF2a, YTF2 and YRF1) among the 38 isolates tested were found to be Ralstonia strains. The positive isolates were then cultured in E2 broth containing 2% glucose (w/v) to study the PHA production. The correlation between PHA production and cell dry weight were studied and found to be statistically significant. Among the three isolates tested the strain YRF1 showed highest PHA production and peaked in degradation also. The high PHA yielding strain (YRF1) was further characterized for PHA production in large quantity with different physical and chemical parameters viz; pH, incubation temperature, carbon sources, concentration of nitrogen, incubation period. The result presumed that at pH 7, at 37°C and 72 hours of incubation period accompanying with glucose as carbon source and reducing nitrogen concentration to 1/6 in growth medium increased the accumulation of PHA by 88%, a highly feasible amount. The extracted PHA was apparently confirmed by FT-IR and NMR analysis.

In the present global scenario, today’s learners’ of science and technology need to develop an array of skills to achieve their full potential and navigate smoothly through a wide range of professional situations. The traditional educational approach of specializing in the specific subject is no longer considered adequate in the present global society. They need to develop the qualities such as understanding self and others, empathy, effective communication and social values, to create harmonious environment in the organization and society at large. A dire need is felt to broaden the vision of educational objectives to bridge the deep divide between the world of work and world of learning. Hence it is imperative to incorporate the life skills which influence the behavioural traits of the learners and facilitate in developing the individual as a holistic personality and improve their potentials in various dimensions.

The study of stochastic phenomena has increased dramatically and intensified research activity in this area has been stimulated by the need to take into account random effects in complicated dynamical systems. Dynamical systems are ubiquitous and are considered to be stochastic processes. In this study, a nonlinear dynamical system was modeled as a solution to an Ito stochastic differential equation . Where denotes a Wiener or Brownian motion process while and are deterministic functions. The Ito Stochastic Differential Equation was applied to characterize the important functional of the solution process in some intervals [0,t],X(t) which satisfies the integral equation, X(t)=X(0)+?_0^t??f(s,X(s))ds?+?_0^t??g(s,X(s) )dW(s)?. The solution of the integral equation is a Lagenvin equation which is an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (O-U) process dX_t=?(?-X_t )dt+?dW_t. The O-U process which is a Gaussian process was related to the world of time series analysis. The model was applied to Nigerian monetary exchange rate and compared with the existing models of monetary exchange rate. R package and the Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) were used to provide the model of best fit for the Nigerian monetary exchange rate as an autoregressive moving average of order one which is given to be? S?_t=0.4287S_(t-1)+?0.2099e?_(t-1)+e_t. The results obtained revealed that the structural diffusion model approach gives a first-order autoregressive moving average process in continuous time with differentiation in continuous time corresponding to differencing in discrete time. The derived structural diffusion model has the least AIC value of 1482.61 as compared to the AIC value of 2198.86 from the existing diffusion and normal models. Keywords: Nonlinear Model, Dynamical System, Diffusion Model,

The research is based on the fact that different courses of Hepatitis B virus infection are predisposed by the variations in the viral genome. The Hepatitis viral genome is unique as it consists of four overlapping genes, and for the purpose of this study, the pre-core gene was selected of the four genes for mutation analysis. Viral DNA was isolated from acute viral Hepatitis B patients and was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and then separated by Agarose gel electrophoresis resulting in isolated bands of 309 bps and the mutation was detected by direct sequencing. Genotyping was carried out with the help of MultAlin software, and the observations resulted in the conclusion of definite mutation in codon 17 of valine to phenylalanine, a stop codon mutation and also in codon 11 of phenylalanine to leucine of less significance (genotypic variation), thus indicating that the gene has undergone mutation at a very early stage in the course of the disease.

Recent decades, the colon targeting drug delivery via oral route is one of the most convenient and popular systems, which deliver the drugs to the specific site for both local as well as systemic action. Oral conventional dosage forms basically disintegrate in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and it mainly depends on the physicochemical properties of the drug. But targeting the drug to the colon should be protected till it reaches to cecum by means of controlled polymers. Colonic drug delivery has become popular to treat diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, carcinomas and other infections, where by local concentration can be achieved in specific site , and minimizing the side effects. Colon site has being investigated as a potential site for delivery of proteins and peptides. Biodegradable polymers from natural synthetic sources are very cheap, widely available and resistant to digestive action to stomach and GIT enzymes. Presently the numbers of studies have been carried and reported with natural polymers for targeting the drugs to colon. Generally, they have more potential advantages than the synthetic one. The present review is elaborately revealed the potential advantages of natural polysaccharides and its cross-linking derivatives.

This paper introduces the notion of the Generalization of Cartesian Product on Intuitionistic L-fuzzy H-ideals of BF-algebra and deals some simple but interesting results.

The notion of -closed set was introduced and studied by R. Devi, V. Kokilavani and P. Basker [2]. In [5], the -closure and the -kernel are defined in terms of this weakly ultra- -separation and also investigate some of the properties of the -kernel and the -closure. Using this concept we introduce - -spaces, and spaces are also defined.

This work examined the efficiencies of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimators in lagged and unlagged models. Literature has shown gain in efficiency of SUR estimator over OLS estimator when the errors are correlated across equations. This paper studied the efficiencies of these estimators in a lagged and unlagged models and also sought a comparative study of these estimators in both models.Data was simulated for sample sizes 50, 100 and 1000 with 5000 bootstrapped replicates in each case with the predictors having Gaussian distribution. Results from the study showed that both estimators were efficient in each model with the SUR estimator being consistently more efficient than the OLS estimator as the sample size increased. On the assessment of the models, the unlagged model was found to be more efficient than the lagged model in small sample but converged as sample size increased.

This paper presents optimal cross section selection of MV feeders in radial power distribution system planning to reduce power loss and improve voltage profile using genetic algorithm. To analysis the steady state of network in each step of optimization, a direct approach load flow which is both robust and efficient and has high convergence speed is used. In this paper, feeder cross section selection will be performed considering the economic, power loss, and energy loss factors so that, constraints like maximum current capacity of feeders and allowed voltage drop of nodes are satisfied. The obtained result of feeder cross section selection problem will be close to absolute optimum point because of using genetic algorithm as an optimization tool. The proposed method is implemented on MATLAB software environment and through numerical example the validity of proposed method is verified.

A packet is a unit of data that is transmitted across a packet-switched network. A packet-switched network is an interconnected set of networks that are joined by routers or switching routers. Packet switching contrasts with another principal networking paradigm, circuit switching, a method which sets up a limited number of dedicated connections of constant bit rate and constant delay between nodes for exclusive use during the communication session. An overview of packet switching and packet technologies that use wired and wireless media Local Area Networks: Packets Switching.