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Wireless sensor networks are those that are used for the communication between various sensor nodes to the base station. Heterogeneity in such networks are used to manage the network deployment cost and the network traffic. A hierarchical cost effective LEACH (HCEL) protocol is proposed to enhance energy efficiency of the sensor nodes thereby maximizing the network performance without increasing the network deployment cost.In this paper, a heterogeneous network that comprise three types of sensor nodes are considered. A hierarchical network structure is formed where the data are forwarded by using “aggregators”. The clustering is done inorder to maximize the energy eficiency of the sensor nodes. The cost comparision is done between various protocols like seperateLEACH(SL), proposedLEACH(PL), seperateproposed(SP) and HCEL. The energy efficiency is derived by initiating the activity window interference. Simulation results show that the HCEL protocol derive a gradual decrease in the network deployment cost ratio in terms of powerful nodes and energy factor.

The study attempted to find out the impact of capacity building of teachers of Government Boys’ Primary Schools on classroom teaching. The objectives of the study were to find out the strengths and weaknesses of the capacity building initiatives for professional development of teachers in district Swat and to make recommendations for improving the current efforts of government and other agencies for capacity building of primary school teachers. Capacity is developed when individuals are motivated to use knowledge, skills and resources in order to enhance organizational objectives. An opinionnaire containing eleven statements was handed over to Head Masters, a questionnaire containing eleven questions were handed over to the teachers, who had received training and a checklist for classroom observation of 5th class students of 101 primary schools in district Swat. The relevant literature was reviewed, which provided indicators for development of tools. The data obtained were quantified and described. The results revealed that Head Masters could play more effective role for school effectiveness by developing clear vision; providing instructional feedback to teachers; effective monitoring and supervisory mechanism; setting a democratic environment conducive to teaching learning process and involving the stakeholders in decision-making. The results of the study further indicated that school effectiveness owed itself to capable Head Masters, committed staff, non-political intervention, a procedure of incentives and disincentives, positive feedback to teachers and last, but not the least, a continuous instructional supervision of what happened in classroom. The recommendations for improving classroom teaching required continuous on-the-job training, commitment of teachers to the teaching profession and improved pedagogical skills of teachers as well as updating classroom management.

This article examines the notions of (in) directness and politeness in the Persian and English electronic requests of Iranian EFL postgraduate students (nonnative speakers of English) to their professors during their education at Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad Branch, Isfahan, Iran. To that end, the study employed both quantitative and qualitative approaches to investigate 60 English and 60 Persian e-mails composed by the participants. More specifically, a modified version of request strategies that was proposed initially by Blum-Kulka, House, and Kasper (1989) and revised by Bisenbach-Lucas (2007) to fit e-mail request data was employed to analyze the request head act of each e-mail message. Findings from the study reveal that the students employ more direct strategies in their Persian e-mail requests than their English e-mail requests. The results of the study also indicate that students employ more direct strategies for the requests for information, but not for the requests for action. This study argues that e-mail requests characterized by significant directness give the faculty no choice in complying with the request and fail to acknowledge the imposition involved. Therefore, many of them might become responsible for pragmatic infelicities.

A questionnaire, interview survey of 320 patients was made in Peshawar, Pakistan to study the severity of beta thalassaemia on different aspects. The study revealed that it was common in male than female. The other things were that inter family marriages played an important part. The average family income was very less as compared to the family members and the expenditure of the treatment. The analysis showed that the father income is associated with the knowledge about thalassaemia and education. It was also revealed that the disease was more common in positive blood groups.

The goal of this study was to evaluate Distortion Product Otoacoustic emissions in the normal hearing subjects regarding to the following variables; ear side & gender. The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the ear side and gender on the distortion product Otoacoustic emission of normal hearing Iraqi population of age (21-30) years. The decision about whether a Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission is present often depends on a visual assessment of the response along with certain objective criteria, such as DP1 level (amplitude) and the signal-to-noise ratio of the response compared to the noise. DPOAEs were considered present when the signal was at least 3 dB above the corresponding noise level. In the present study, the overall SNR for each tested ear was more than 3 dB SPL at the overall frequency bands. The findings from this study revealed an ear asymmetry and gender effect on the parameters of the DPOAEs (SNRs dB SPL &DP1 level dB) in Iraqi subjects. Right ears were found to produce higher DPOAEs-SNRs than left ears and The DPOAEs (DP1 level dB) in the right ears was higher than that in the left ears .The minimum value of the whole Signal-to-noise ratio (SNRs) recorded for all tested ears was above 3 dB SPL over frequency bands 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz. The mean value of the whole SNRs in 56 ears was (10.53 dB SPL), ranged from 3.0 to 28.30 dB SPL. In females; the mean value of whole SNRs (11.27 dB SPL) was higher than that in males (9.8 dB SPL). The mean value of SNRs in the right ears female (11.38 dB SPL) was higher than that in the left ears female (11.16 dB SPL), while in male; the mean value of SNRs in the right ears male (10.08 dB SPL) was higher than that in the left ears male (9.52 dB SPL). The results show The minimum and the maximum value of the whole Distortion product (DP1 Level) recorded for all tested ears (56) was -10.7 and 25.6 dB respectively over frequency bands 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz. The mean value of the whole DP1 level in 56 ears was (6.50 dB), ranged from (-10.7 to 25.6 dB). In females; the mean value of whole DP1 Level (7.72 dB) was higher than that in males (5.28 dB). The mean value of DP1 level in the right ears female (8.22 dB) was higher than that in the left ears female (7.23 dB), while in male; the mean value of DP1 level in the right ears male (5.58 dB) was higher than that in the left ears male (4.98 dB).

This paper presents the preparation and characterization of a series of (PEO+PVP) composites with different ratios of NaF salt. New Na+ ion conducting polymer blend electrolyte films based on semicrystalline polymer poly (ethylene oxide) PEO and poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) PVP complexed with NaF salt were prepared using the solution-cast technique. The features of the complexation and structure of the electrolytes were studied by X- ray diffraction (XRD) and FTIR techniques. Frequency dependent conductivity were obtained from complex impedence (cole-cole) plots. It was observed that the magnitude of conductivity increased with increasing temperature and followed Arrhenius behavior throughout with three regions having different activation energies. The activation energy values were found to decrease with increasing concentration of NaF.

In many knowledge systems there are knowledge-acquisition (KA) techniques to help knowledge engineers and domain experts build and maintain the system’s knowledge base. These techniques can be classified in many ways. Some of this ways are kind of Knowledge which obtained, type of knowledge which captured, purpose of technique, tool type, out put and result of techniques. In this paper we compared different techniques according to above items, in a table. Also this table includes the description, strengths and weaknesses for each technique.

The present study was conducted to determine frequency of contraceptive use and evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of married male towards contraceptive methods at Mithi, Sindh. Cross sectional survey. Taluka Mithi District Tharparkar, Sindh, Pakistan from May to July 2012. Total 323 cases were included in the study. Data was on a pre tested questionnaire. Study population comprised of married males aged 15-55 years living at Taluka Mithi. Data was entered in SPSS 21.0. Simple frequencies and percentages were calculated. Of 323 number of participants, only 89% (n=287) had the knowledge of contraceptive methods. A number of 34% (n=113) participants responded that they use different method, remaining were not able to respond clearly which may be due to little knowledge. Most of the study participants were of view that using contraceptive methods is the job of female spouses. The present study shows that majority of male do not use contraceptive method. The male behavior reveals that they are not interested in family planning and child spacing as they think it a matter of female.

Lateral thinking is a special form of thinking which involves collecting the information and making the best use of it. Thinking decides the output of information and the part of lateral thinking enables the brain to get into different mindset. It is all about bringing things that are seemingly unrelated. Problem with most of the Indian learners are not using the acquired information and not attempting to acquire new information. Their mindset hinders their mind to intake, produce and presents the information for the required contexts. Educational system and the socio-psychological background of the learners are considered the reasons for their inability. Improving lateral thinking skills paves the way to keep an open mind to acquire new language habits and to change the mindset in accordance with situations. A conducive thinking environment is created through interactive and creative tasks such as group discussion and Situational speaking in the technology enabled classrooms. These activities make the learners think through the thoughts that nobody would have thought about and thereby provide both the outside and inside inputs to think in a lateral way. It leads the learner to construct something new out of every effort and imagination. The present study reveals that the environment created to induce the lateral thinking skills has helped the learners to improve not only communicative competence but also their comprehension ability.

According to the Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis, (2009) Kenya’s poverty levels are estimated to be on the decline, while the number of those living below the poverty line is estimated to have increased from 13.4 million in 1997 to about 16.6 million in 2006. The incidence of poverty is higher in rural areas at 49.1 per cent compared with 33.7 per cent in urban areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of linkages on small scale livestock farming in Baringo County. The study adopted the stakeholder’s theory by (Friedman, 1984) which states that the organization itself should be thought of as grouping of stakeholders who manage their interests, needs and viewpoints. He posits that the parties involved in an enterprise, includes governmental bodies, political groups, trade associations, trade unions, communities, financiers, suppliers, employees, and customers, who play a significant role in enterprise success. The research employed stratified random and simple random sampling for data collection. A structured questionnaire using interviews was administered to a representative sample of 67 small-scale livestock farmers. Data was collected on types of links, incidence of links and function of identified link formations. The study hypothesis was tested using Chi-square at 0.05 level of significance. Study findings showed a significant relationship between linkages and small scale livestock performance. The study recommends that agricultural stakeholders such as KVDA, KARI, KLMC and MLFD should partner with the farmers in providing relevant information, so as to facilitate better management of their livestock, training on better technologies, breeding options, and ensure enterprise growth for sustainable economic development. Research on the establishment of community ranches and a meat processing firm within the county be carried for the benefit of the farmers and provide ready market with less exploitation from middlemen.