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According to Smith and Nelson in World Englishes (Kachru, 2006:450) and Matsuura (2007), intelligibility, comprehensibility and interpretability are different concepts which are used interchangeably. Intelligibility refers to word or utterance recognition while comprehensibility refers to meaning and interpretability refers to discoursal level—pragmatics, issues which are interwoven in attitudinal aspect of leaning. This paper is an overview of the previous intelligibility article examining the intelligibility of eight different Englishes, USA, UK, Farsi, French, Korean, Chinese, Turkish, and Russian, to two groups of Iranian students—with Turkish and Farsi as their native language. Concluding on the findings of that paper and comparing the case with intelligibility in different levels of education from high-school—aged 14—to university students—aged 20 above, the researcher came to the conclusion the Iranian students need to be aware of the world Englishes and think not of British or American Englishes as the only form of English. Nevertheless, students’ being aware of the speakers’ nationality may change his attitude toward the person, an issue which necessitates further research.

j-QAF system was introduced in 2005. Despite it's aimed at developing characteristics and comprehension of Muslim students in Jawi, Al-Quran, Arabic Language and FardhuAin, there are still some issues and challenges occurred. This article aimed at identifying factors that hurdle j-QAF program in recent years, and suggests possible solution. Secondary data from Six Month Khatam Al-Quran Model and Tasmik (Al- Quran) Model Progress Report of year 2005 to 2009 was comparatively and descriptively analyzed. Problem, suggestions and solutions are further discussed. It is hope that it will contribute to enhance the system and therefore empower Muslim students in Malaysia.

Biological activity of extract of Cissus quadrangularis against IV instar larvae and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti were studied. The effect of the Petroleum ether, Benzene and Methanol extracts of C. quadrangularis are tested against IV instar larvae and pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. All kinds extracts showed moderate larvicidal and pupicidal effects at 24h. When the IV instar larvae of Cx quinquefasciatus were exposed to the doses of 12.56, 13.83 and 32.91 ppm respectively of petroleum ether, benzene and methanol extracts of 50% mortality was recorded. After 24h of exposure, the same extracts of C. quadrangularis at 15.84, 17.50 and 38.94ppm concentrations gave 50% pupal mortality. The LC 50 values for IV instar larvae of Ae. aegypti are 15.73, 17.16 and 33.37ppm and the LC50 values of pupae are 22.13, 25.73 and 48.76ppm respectively for Petroleum ether, Benzene and Methanol extracts. The larvicidal and pupicidal effects of plant extracts indicate that Cx quinquefasciatus is highly susceptible to the extracts of C quadrangularis. The larvae were more susceptible to plant extracts than pupae of both Cx quinquefasciatus and Ae aegypti. Among the various organic solvent extracts of C. quadrangularis, petroleum ether was found to be the most effective larvicidal and pupicidal agent. The efficacy of Cissus quadrangularis was in the order of Petroleum ether > Benzene > Methanol

Table of contents for the month of February 2018

A surface geophysical investigation involving ground magnetic technique was carried out in Ikogosi warm spring situated in Ekiti South-western Nigeria using a high resolution Proton-precession Geometric Magnetometer model G-856 AX to measure total components of magnetic intensity of the area with the aim of giving details of the subsurface geological structure and evaluating the structural setting beneath the warm spring for probable geothermal energy exploration. Total field magnetic measurements data were acquired along twelve (12) N-S profiles. The Magnetic data interpretation applied was able to depict fractured and faulted areas within fresh massive Quartzite at varying depths beneath all the profiles. Profile 12 has the highest amplitude of 748 nT while profile 3 has the lowest amplitude of 81.1 nT. The magnetic anomaly obtained varied between a minimum negative peak value of -235.9 nT and a maximum positive value of 748 nT. The approximate depth to basement rocks ranges between 8 to 14 m. The magnetic contour, 3-D surface, 1-Grid, Image Maps showed that the magnetic anomalies are as a result of Hot dry rocks present in the study area which contributes to the temperature of the spring. Also the highly mineralized area is between profile 1 and 4. It was deduced that the fractured/faulted quartzite may have acted as channel for the movement of warm groundwater from high depths to the surface.

In Mexico, processes for assessing credit risk of MiPyMEs (MSMSEs) requesting to have access to governmental financial support as well as commercial banks or any other kind of funding, are based on traditional methodologies which results use to lead to a substantial rejection of applicant enterprises. In this study, through an interpretative analysis with cross-cutting approach it is analyzed and determined the usefulness of methods for predicting corporate bankruptcy in MSMSEs and start-ups, regardless of their business activity. Likewise, besides highlighting and recommending the importance of their use, it is shown how such as prediction models contribute to reduce costs due to information asymmetry and financing costs by themselves and, help to prevent rejection of financing and ensure the permanence and competitiveness of enterprises.

The article focuses on the Nigerian Youths as Victims of this 21st century, as it is believe that they are the leaders, movers, propellers of the socio economic, political and intellectual development of every nation. This youth have fall victims of the danger of social problems ie poverty, violence, use of arms and a new face of immorality such as baby factory phenomenon etc to survive. What is the hope of the Nigerian youths in the 21st century? Is one of the question raise? Anomie theory was use to explore the Nigerian Youths as victims of the 21st century

This study sought to explore occupational health and safety practices among refuse collectors in the Cape Coast Metropolis. The study was qualitative in nature and employed the exploratory study design. In all 30 refuse disposal collectors participated in the study. Quota sampling, snowballing and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the various companies, participants and key informants respectively for the study. Interviewing, focus group discussions and observations were the methods used for the study. However, interview guide and focus group discussion guide were the instruments used to collect data for the study. Data generated was put into themes for analysis.The study revealed that most of the refuse collectors in the metropolis do not put on the protective wears at dump site, it is recommended that management of the metropolis intensify their training efforts to continue to sensitise waste collectors on the need to wear those protective clothing in order to safeguard themselves from coming into contact harmful substances at the various dump sites.

By the approval of the law of higher education’s structure, the necessity of making fundamental changes in the system of management in Iranian universities has become obvious. The most important part of these changes is related to the financial system of the universities. By considering the transformation of economic system into operational economic classification, changes in economic situations of higher educations are more than ever essential. The methodology used in this study is descriptive-analytical and attempt was made to describe and elaborate on the economic management based on the data obtained from libraries and Iran’s higher education programs.

Vortex tube is a device that separates pressurized inlet gas into hot and cold streams. Its main applications are in spot cooling. Hence cold temperature of outlet gas, as a response variable, is of much concern for experimentation. There are various input controllable parameters, the values (levels) of which may affect the cold temperature of outlet gas. Some studies were carried out on vortex tube hitherto, considering different input controllable parameters. The present work analyses the effect of five input controllable parameters viz., inlet gas (air) Pressure, Length of the vortex (hot)tube, Diameter of the vortex(hot) tube, Diameter of the orifice / diaphragm, and Diameter of the nozzle on the response variable- Temperature of cold-outlet stream of air. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach is used to optimize the response. L-27 Orthogonal Array (OA) is used for experimentation. Response is of “Smaller the Better” type. Regression equation is obtained. All the parameters considered but the Length of the vortex tube, are found to be significant from the Analysis of Variance ( ANOVA ) table. Optimum levels for factors are predicted, confirmatory test is run and the experimental results are validated.