Finance

Nepal is in continuous pressure for graduation from LDC by 2022. Despite planned development efforts, capital expenditure has been consistently below 30 percent of the GDP threshold, resulting into slow structural transformation, low private investment and growth. Lack of project readiness due to governance factor has been considered as major constraint of economic development. The main objective of the study is to analyze the possibilities of introducing the foreign employment bond as an instrument for financing the fiscal deficits and sustainable economic development. The increasing trend of remittance income and its already visible micro and macro impact has raised the possibilities to channelize remittances as an important instrument for national development.

Access to financial markets and how the market's way of financing is, is one of the most important factors that Specifies how Access Company to cash and level of it. Countries where the financial sector depth is less, It does not allocate resources efficiently between the needs and Sometimes in these countries are faced with the problem of unavailability of appropriate financial instruments thus in which case they shall not gather enough resources. This study examines the relationship between trade credit payable and receivable with cash holding In view of the financial depth. The population of the study includes all Tehran Stock Exchange member firms after certain conditions are imposed. sampling was undertaken and Finally, during the period 2006 to 2013,127 companies were selected.The methodology of research is descripitive. Evaluate the research hypotheses through regression analysis with the use of synthetic data has been carried out. Also we use a number of control variables. These variables consist of Size, Liquid, Leverage, Debt, M/B, Cash flow. The results show no relationship between trade credit payable and receivable with cash holding in view of the financial depth. Also test the hypotheses in a single regression model did not change the results.

Banks in advanced economies continue to be weighed down by slow credit growth, funding risks, reliance on government and central bank support, contagion impact fromthe concerns about sovereign debt sustainability, etc. In contrast, the Indian financial system which is largely dominated by the banking sector remains well capitalized. Asset quality remained robust though some concerns emanated from the fact that slippages exceeded the rate of growth of advances, and resulted in increased requirements for provisions. The present paper aims to analyse the stability of Indian banking sector as compared to world scenario in terms of Capital to risk weighted assets ratio, Overall Asset Quality and Interest rate sensitivity. The paper based on RBI Financial Stability Report 2010 also analysis the stability of Indian banking in terms of bank Stability Index.

Poor strategy execution has been blamed for strategy failure in many organizations. Strategy maps, a tool developed by Kaplan and Norton of the Balanced Scorecard Collaboration, have been hailed in both theory and practice as a robust tool in aligning strategy execution. This paper investigates strategy deployment at a firm that has not yet embraced strategy maps with the intention to demonstrate from a theoretical point of view the potential benefits of deploying the company’s strategy using strategy maps. This is achieved through a thorough study of the company’s current performance measurement system. The study identifies the operational weaknesses inherent in the current performance measurement system. In the context of the identified weaknesses, the paper projects how strategy maps can lever and align strategy execution in the attainment of the company’s mission. Keywords: Align; Balanced scorecard; Money transfer agency; Strategy execution; Strategy maps

The general objective of this study was to investigate the effect of money transfer systems on economic growth of Somalia. The study was guided by the following objectives, to establish the effect of electronic Money Policy on economic growth in Somalia, to determine the effect of Money transfer Agents on economic growth in Somalia, to examine the effect of electronic Money transfer security on economic growth in Somalia, to establish the level of financial support in form of capital, that is attributed to funds received from abroad and to establish the extent of distribution of received funds from transfers to other parts of Somalia other than Mogadishu. A significant number of Somalis fled the country during the civil war that lasted for more than two decades since 1992. These Somalis in diaspora send significant amount of money which is used to support their families that they left behind. These transfers contribute a lot to an economy of low production, making it one of the backbones of the Somalia?s economic growth pillars. hawala is a system of money transfer that excludes the bank system and is useful for the economy. To better understand the effect of money transfers such as hawalas, the Keynesian monetary policy concerning liquidity preference and practical policy and the Dow Theory have been used. The study follows a conceptual framework to help the research accomplish the objectives and concentrates on investigating the electronic money transfer, business boosting and income distribution as affected by hawala which variables are responsible for the economic growth. The study was use research design to present the findings conducted. Data was collected by a questionnaire where both structured and unstructured questions are used. Data was analyzed by use of Microsoft Excel & SPSS tool for comprehensive analysis because of its compatibility in describing statistical data. Findings was further be presented by use of bar charts, pie charts, graphs, tables and text all these issues showed the impact of money transfer in economic growth in Somali because the is back bone of Somali economic 80% of Somali people depend their lives in electronic money transfer, the result the hawala is very integral for Somali people. The researcher recommends that the government should develop hawala Remittance Act and the Anti-money laundering law, that will create more favorable conducive environment to smooth the operations of the hawala Systems, and implement it.

Gross demotic product known as GDP are affected by multi factors. Some factors affect it positive and some hold a negative relation with GDP. Each variable has its own importance and our study will discuss the effect of inflation and interest rate on GDP. Some theorists have found that these variables are inversely proportional to growth of an economy while other researchers have found a direct association among them. In Pakistan these studies are very critical, because economic growth in Pakistan has not been up to the mark for last few years. A continuous increase in the Interest rates and inflation has been observed. Godwin (2007) defines real gross domestic product (GDP) increases when economic growth increases. Gyimah-Brempong (1989) found that the military expenses adversely affect the growth of economy. Sub-Saharan African countries using a simultaneous-equations model for the military expenditure effect the economic growth. Khilji and Mahmood (1997) proposed that the GDP growth has negative relation with defence expenses.

Somalia is a country that has experienced excessive amounts of political instability during the past decade. Somalia, like most other countries in Africa, was colonized by European nations during the late 1800s (Roth, Somalia a country in turmoil , 2004). According to United nation Development Program (UNDP), the prolonged fighting in Somalia led to massive loss of property, lives and destruction of the society (UNDP 2008). Political instability contributed to massive suffering and poverty in Somalia, there has been massive unemployment and migration of people from the country. The study guided by the following objectives, to find out whether quality education affects economic development of Somalia, to ascertain how the gross domestic product affects economic development of Somalia, to determine the extent to which investments affects economic development. This study was descriptive in nature and it will utilize cross-sectional data collected through a standard questionnaire. This study will be conducted in Mogadishu City, the capital of Somalia. The target populations of this study will be114348 residents of Hodan District (UNFPA, 2014). In order to provide valid estimates, 384 respondents will be selected with Simple random sampling and only those present at that time will be chosen. The findings it shows that quality education plays a significant role in the economic development of the country. The study showed that a large percentage of the respondents in Somalia agree that it through offering quality education to the people of Somalia that productivity of the country will improve and economic development. The correlation analysis between the independent variable indicated strong relationship between the independent variables. This indicates that the independent variables were significant enough to impact the dependent variable. There is a strong relation between higher GDP and good quality education indicated by 57.8 percent. The relationship between Higher GDP and Savings is the only way we can increase economic growth indicated by 51.9 was significant enough to influence the dependent variable. The government of Somalia should strive for education quality improvement through renovating the teacher education and training system, improving teachers' quality and teacher status, reform and adaptation of curriculum at all levels The study established that savings and investment is the only way a country can increase economic growth, for any country to achieve economic growth there must be significant savings first.Investment means an increase in capital spending, e.g. buying new machines, building bigger factories and education. For example, investing in skills and education can increase labor productivity. Investment in new technology and capital can increase the productive capacity of the economy.

Each and every individual living in this world follow certain rules and principles which influence and determine their behavior while performing his day to day activities which are called as Ethics like ‘stealing is wrong’ , ‘one should help the person in need’ and so on. Just like that there are certain rules and guidelines which governs the behavior of a person and a group in their workplace which are known as professional ethics and code of conduct. Every professional persons, have different ethics and code of conduct like lawyer and chartered accountant, both’s ethics and conduct will differ from each other. In this research paper we will be studying who is Registered Valuer and the professional ethics and code of conduct of the registered valuers, who are responsible for valuation of the different assets like plant and machinery, land and building and securities and financial assets which they need to follow while valuing these assets.

Recent research is to recognize and rank the critical factors of success to execute customer oriented strategy management by using AHP in three levels human, process and technology. Required information of this research is gathered through two questionnaires in three individual groups, and then extracted information has been analyzed by EC software and A.H.P technology then is prioritized. What is considered as a research problem in the study is to recognize and rank the critical factors of success to execute customer oriented strategy management by using A.H.P. This research has been discussed by using the problem CSFs and the perspective of analysis of system, first by determining and prioritizing organizational CSF in the firm. Recognizing recent position of current performance of CSFs and determining the success that put human priority for the research would be studied.

The word entrepreneur originates from the French word, entreprendre, which means "to undertake." In a business context, it means to start a business. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary presents the definition of an entrepreneur as one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. Many experts and researchers refer to today's world as the age of discontinuity. Age of discontinuity means that past experience and solutions to current and future problems are not entrepreneur anymore and should think for new organizational solutions with modern structure, so that could produce the goods and services with minimal cost and with superior quality tailored to customer needs and preferences as global markets be subdued and captured and in this great race to be victorious. Therefore in order to have successful economics there dire need to have prosperous enterprises in competitive environments. This requires powerful, self-reliance and empowered employees, the Personnel who possess the creative and entrepreneurial morale. As result entrepreneurship, creativity, innovation and risky businesses, provide fuel modern economy that means in any enterprise if in any organization, the entrepreneurial context of a ewe be provided employment will be created and itself will be factor of technology transformation. Entrepreneurs are a factor to identify, create and expand new markets they have the ability to see market gaps and to identify opportunities perfectly. In other words, entrepreneurship is nothing but the opportunity recognition and optimum use of it. Therefore we consider the entrepreneurship as suitable strategy for development and improvement of enterprises in this paper and we believe that entrepreneurship has important role in productivity enhancement and to ease their innovative activities in order to implement the organization's success.