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Building industry is beset with some problems among which are the challenges of cost reduction through timely, delivery, quality control and health/safety measures. The problems of unavailability and unreadiness of materials and working implements at the correct time and place. They team up to hinder the operations from being carried out on schedule. Procurement of quality materials and implement vis-à-vis the deployment of health/safety measures go a long way to muddle up value chain and specification which in effect hampers effective public building delivery. To achieve the stated aim three core objectives are set out as follows: to examine the input of timely delivery; assess the effect of quality improvement and ascertain the impact of health/safety measures all as cost reduction strategies in public building project delivery in the South East Nigeria. The field survey research approach were adopted to collect relevant data, structured questionnaire on contemporary issues on material management was administered to over 760 respondent selected on the basis of randomized stratified samplings technique. Data collected from field survey were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. Among the major findings of the study is the variation in cost reduction and significantly reduced cost of public building projects delivery. Diligent building construction management in the area of time economy, quality improvement and good health/safety measures correlate highly and positively with each other as relevant factors in effective public building projects delivery.

Co-curricular is a group activity where the planned activities more advanced than teaching and learning in the classroom that provide the opportunity to add, strengthen and practice the knowledge, skills and values learned in the classroom. It is a physical, emotional and spiritual construction platform in line with the aims of the National Education Philosophy aimed at forming a balanced generation. Hence, referring to the Letter of Professional Circular No. 1/1985 dated 2 January 1985, each student either government or non-government school is required to take at least one activity of the Uniform Body Team, an association or club activity and a sports or game activity. The main goal of co-curriculum’s implementation in education is to achieving the National Education Philosophy in distributing awareness of religion and belief in god. Balancing spiritual, physical, intellectual and emotional development and also strengthening relationships and interactions among students; Build and increase interest and talent; Building and improving discipline; Creating a healthy school culture; Building and improving cooperation and create a school of character. The curriculum plays an important role in education. Among them is the importance of cultivating the character and the unity of creation. This is in line with the second core of the Education Development Master Plan (PIPP), namely Developing Human Capital. Participation in co-curricular activities can also increase the level of student’s discipline. Based on some studies, it found that the co-curricular activity was able to reduce the disciplinary problem to a minimum level. However, in this effort, teachers, parents and communities need to work together and strengthen relationships with one another. Negative perceptions of co-curricular implementation in schools should eradicated. Schools and parents need to be more open-minded.

Studies were carried out to assess the influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the performance of Solanum macrocarpon L. (African egg plant) in Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria. Organic fertilizers (Poultry manure and cow dung) were applied at the rate of 150g per pot and the inorganic (NPK 20:15:15 and Urea) at 6g per pot to make a field equivalent of 8t ha¬-1 and 200kg ha-1 respectively. Poultry manure gave the best performance in terms of height, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot biomass, relative growth rate and fruit weight. The relative growth rate, number of leaves and plant height were similar in NPK and Urea applied pots but lower than those of poultry manure. The results obtain from this study indicated that poultry manure could be an alternative source of fertilizer to S. macrocarpon production in place of the inorganic NPK and Urea fertilizers. The study further suggests that poultry manure used for crop improvement is a means of turning waste to wealth in crop production. The leaves and fruits produced from poultry manure fertilized soil supports the current global campaigns for organic food production.

The study investigated constraints and extent of access to productive resources and agricultural services among women farmers in Anambra State, Nigeria. Specifically, it identified income generating activities of women farmers in the state, identified the productive resources and agricultural services available to them and determined the extent of availability of the resources and services and constraints to accessing the resources. Purposive random sampling technique was used to select a total of 120 women farmers. Data were collected with aid of a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using mean, percentages and frequencies. Results showed that majority (60%) of the respondents are married and a majority (50%) has formal education. It was further revealed that the respondents had diversified income generating activities with a majority engaging in processing of agricultural products (98.3%) and farming (95.8%). The results also showed that majority of the respondents indicated labour as the most available productive resource in the area. On the extent of access to productive resources, the result revealed that labour (x=3.0) and processing facilities (x = 2.50) are the accessible productive resources. Finally, the result revealed sharing of knowledge (x = 2.56) and marketing facilities (x = 2.98) as the only agricultural services accessible to the farmers. Constraints encountered lack of capital, poor electricity connection, lack of access roads, poor radio signals, illiteracy among others. It was recommended that the existing land ownership policies in the country should be reviewed to promote ownership by women farmers and extension education/visit be improved as well.

In this paper we present a relation for continuous slowing down approximation (CSDA) ranges for electrons of biomedical materials such as bones, muscles, fat, water and air in terms of energy from 20 keV to 50000 keV and have been fitted by least square approximation with two parameters. These parameters depend upon the total energy and atomic number of the absorber. It has been found that this method gives better agreement with the available experimental data.

Cultural resources are pivoted to the development of heritage industry, tourism and economic fortune of a nation. Nigeria has a diverse and rich heritage consisting of natural and cultural sites of universal importance. Economy and cultural imperatives are recognized as the most powerful forces shaping human development. This paper looks at how preserving and promoting cultural heritage is fundamental to the eradication of poverty and usher in peace and harmony and the importance of community participation in implementing such measures. The paper examines federal government policy and the practical challenges of empowering people to harness the economic potentials of their cultural heritage for their material benefits. And there fore recommend the need for the federal , State and Local Government to put in place measures by which youths amongst others are empowered thereby reduction of poverty through the exploitation of our cultural heritage.

In this competitive era culture makes a real difference, competitors can duplicate product, its specific features but its almost impossible for them to copy the cultural aspects. Culture is the invisible web that binds employee together to their organization. Most of the organizations work on developing their cultures to gain competitors edge over competitors examples are ebay, Netflix, Google, 3M, GE, Enterprise Rent-A-Car, W.L.Gore ant Toyota. The objective of this paper is to have the understanding of culture as a competitive advantage and its impact on organizational performance. Past researches shows that organizational culture has a strong and deep impact on organizational performance.

A typical manufacturing plant has number of diverse activities interacting with each other. Facilities layout consists of the production areas and personnel areas within the building. Plant layout design is one of the strategic fields that determine the long run efficiency of operation. Facility Layout Problem involves the positioning of cells within a given area so as to minimize the material flow costs between cells. The Layout Design Problem is both tactically and strategically important since the layout plays a large role in determining the efficiency and flexibility of the manufacturing plant. Flexible Plant Layout algorithm is used to minimize the material handling cost and deal with the changes in future. In this project CRAFT (Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique) algorithm is used for designing of plant layout. CRAFT algorithm is one of the most developed and used algorithm for design or optimizing a facility layout which mainly emphasis on the material handling cost and the layout cost.

Data mining is has three major components Clustering or Classification, Association Rules and Sequence Analysis. Association rules used to find interesting relationship between attribute values. Sequence Analysis used to find statistically relevant patterns between data. Data mining techniques have led over various methods to gain knowledge from vast amount of data. Association rules are mainly used in mining transaction data to find interesting relationship between attribute values and also it is a main topic of data mining There is a great challenge in candidate generation for large data with low support threshold. Association rules will be effectively worked with the solid data and low support threshold was discussed. By using Apriori algorithm we applied association rules on data set of certain areas to predict the chance of getting the dengue disease, the above data set was collected from some selected areas, so it is the real time data. Three different sets of rules are generated with this dataset and applied the Apriori algorithm to it, find the relation between the parameters in database.

Bipolar plates (BPs) are a key component of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells with multifunctional character. They uniformly distribute fuel gas and air, conduct electrical current from cell to cell, remove heat from the active area, and prevent leakage of gases and coolant. Bi-Polar Plates also significantly contributes to the volume, weight and cost of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell stacks. Hence, there are vigorous efforts worldwide to find suitable materials for Bi-Polar Plates. The materials include non-porous graphite, coated metallic sheets, polymer composites, etc. This paper reviews various types of materials, in use and proposed, for Bi-Polar Plates and critically examines their physical and chemical properties.