Social Sciences

The study discusses improving safe blood donation in Nigeria and the roles of the mass media in achieving same in Nigerian hospitals. In this regard, it answers the questions: What is blood? What is blood donation? And is safe blood donation adequate in Nigeria? Beyond the relevant answers given on the above questions, it also explains the roles of mass media in improving safe blood donations among Nigerians. Besides this, it recommends among others that the federal government, state government, private hospitals and concerned Nigerians should encourage mass media campaigns continuously on the need for safe blood donations to save lives. It also upholds that the federal and state governments should establish more blood banks in their health facilities, in order to spur the people, who would become aware through the mass media, to access same for safe blood donations. Keywords: Improvement, Safe Blood, Donation, Roles, the Mass Media

This paper development of traditional dances in Tanzania by using the lens of youth involved in performance activities. The paper uses firsthand information from four dance groups; Livangala, Lumumba, UMATI and Bongo fleva artists to argue against less participation of youth in dance. The paper revealed that culture; economic and administrative factors undermine the motivation of youth to participate in traditional dances and, thus, increased their enthusiasm in Bongo fleva. The paper offers a critical analysis of challenges that youth faced in traditional dances and how such challenges forced them to turn their interests to Bongo fleva. Following the shift of interests from traditional dances to Bongo fleva, the paper suggests for social, economic and political transformation to increase the participation of youth in dance.

Urbanization is an index of transformation from traditional rural economies to modern industrial one. It is a long term process. This paper endeavors to illuminate on the process of urbanization in India over a century with emphasis on level, tempo of urbanization and urban morphology using Indian Census data during 1901-2001. It will try to trace urban problems and related policy issues. At the moment, India is among the countries of low level of urbanization. Number of urban agglomeration /town has grown from 1827 in 1901 to 5161 in 2001. Number of population residing in urban areas has increased from 2.58 crores in 1901 to 28.53 crores in 2001. Only28% of population was living in urban areas as per 2001 census. Over the years there has been continuous concentration of population in class I towns. On the contrary the concentration of population in medium and small towns either fluctuated or declined. The graduation of number of urban centers from lower population size categories to class I cities has resulted top heavy structure of urban population in India. India’s urbanization is often termed as over- urbanizationpseudo- urbanization. The big cities attained inordinately large population size leading to virtual collapse in the urban services and followed by basic problems in the field of housing, slum, water, infrastructure, quality of life etc. Urbanization is a product of demographic explosion and poverty induced rural-urban migration. Urbanisation is occurring not due to urban pull but due to rural push. Globalization, liberalization, privatization are addressing negative process for urbanization in India. Policy relates to proper urban planning where city planning will consist of operational, developmental and restorative planning. Redirection of investment is recommended to develop strong economic base for small and medium city neglected so far so that migration flows are redirected to small and medium cities.

Dalit movement for social justice is not new; this kind of movements began in South India at least, approximately 100 years before that is in North India. This was comparatively late movement but became historical in its nature because, South India’s movement was against dominant of Brahmins, while they were less in population, but in North India it was against a group of dominants as Brahmins, Chhaktriya, Kayasth and Vaisya etc more number than south India. While this established a Historical achievement as a Dalit lady, Mayawati become the first and fourth times chief minister of Uttar Pradesh in India through Dalit movements. The core agenda of these movements was uplifting of Dalit and social justice but after around decay BSP leadership created a new formula to occupy the political power and she named him “Social engineering”. Actually this social engineering was a tactical and conspicuous move adopted by the BSP. This is a very natural question which raised by intellectuals of both sides whether Dalit or Brahmins, because the emergence of Dalit movement was basically established in beginning against Manuvadi (A system in which Dalit is marginalized in all the area of life) and Brahman supremacy. I tried to understand why BSP, which was anti Brahmans from beginning, diverted their approach and agenda. It is pertinent to share that in Uttar Pradesh, BSP missed a golden opportunity to polarize to OBC, a big chunk of population in own political fold.

Language and culture are intricately interwoven and inseparable. This paper tries to express that languages have significant effects on cultures and languages also are under impact of cultures. To express this mutual relationship, sociological and anthropological views in this relation are provided in this paper. It surveys the importance of culture in linguistic communication and in foreign language learning and explains about key concepts in language use and cultural knowledge.

This paper investigates the role of good governance in the development of rural areas and in arresting social insecurity. It assesses the general characteristic of good governance in the world especially as it relates to rural areas of Nigeria. It examines the causes of social insecurity and advocates that the various actors at the rural areas must contribute to good governance if social security must be achieved. It opines that in a situation of crisis, hunger and want, social security challenges exist. Insecurity of life, war, famine can lead to displacement and the extinction of a civilization. The paper concludes by examining how social security can be achieved and the link between social security and the continuity of culture.

The concepts of cultural investment and lifestyle are subjected to one of the most common attitude in the recent decades. The cultural investment is the collection of the knowledge and advantages which individuals apply and preserve it to reach to their social situation; and also, the lifestyle is subjected to the collection of approaches, values and behavior patterns; in most cases, the elements of a life are gathered along together forming numbers of people; thus, the lifestyle can be defined as the social classes and groups which people follow these behavior, beliefs, norms and social values and patterns emerging particular establishment of cultural/ educational symbols possessed to themselves as their social class. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of cultural investment on the lifestyle; the study is carried out as a scale-based approach. The required data were selected and gathered by a questionnaire from a 260 people sample of secondary school students in Markazi province; in addition, the study was taken up as a multi-step cluster sample. In the study, the theories of Anthony Giddens and Bourdieu were used to assess and measure the cultural investment and lifestyle. According to the indices like body management and consumptive norms forming lifestyle and going to movie, listening to the music, reading a book, going to the concert, visiting museum and photo gallery forming the cultural investment. Due to the main aim of the present study, the evaluation of cultural investment and lifestyle were strongly emphasized and the finding indicated that there is a positive significant relationship between respondents cultural investment with each dimensions of their lifestyle.