Social Sciences

This study aims to investigate the relationship between social capital and delinquency in adolescents.This research has been conducted using a survey. In this research, 400 adolescent boys in Tehran were selected as samples based on the Cochran formula. Data were collected using researcher built- questionnaires. The results showed that with enhancement of social capital, levels of delinquency in adolescent boys decrease. And also by increasing the dimensions of social capital including social participation, social confidence, social support, social solidarity and interrelationships with others the delinquency in adolescent boys decreases and these relationships was statistically significant (p<0.001). The results of multivariable regression also showed that dimensions of social participation, social confidence, social support, and social solidarity were as predictors of delinquency in adolescent boys (p<0.001) and by increasing them the levels of delinquency in adolescent boys decreased.

The aims of this presentation are two folds, in initial stage, the presenter would like to shed light on the philosophy of second language learning, and how different philosophers have tried to explain the aim or purpose of second language acquisition, the second part includes the emergence of output hypothesis, and the reasons why this hypothesis emerged, and finally how this hypothesis has been modified during these two decades.

This paper examines some issues in the use of the social demand approach (SDA) in educational planning and development with a view of facilitating cost effectiveness in the provision of universal basic education. The paper adopts a descriptive approach that involves the review of statutory documents, research reports and other related literature. These various secondary sources of information show that basic education programme in Nigeria is negatively skewed in terms of addressing issues of unemployment and poverty as well as the resource wastage that results from youth restiveness. The paper concludes that achieving self-sufficiency in the production of middle and high level manpower that is relevant to the economy will be difficult if practical training in relevant vocational skills is not started at the basic school level, from primary one, in the course of developing literacy and numeracy skills. It calls for a de-emphasis of book learning with greater focus on the development of practical skills in the provision of education as a social service directed at addressing the issues of illiteracy, unemployment and poverty as well as youth restiveness. It recommends the use of educational toys, regular field trips and more funds to make the UBE programme more functional in arresting youth unemployment, poverty and restiveness. Key words: cost effectiveness, skill training, and economic relevance.

Rashtriya Swasthiya Bima Yojana is a health insurance scheme for the poor in India. The scheme rolled out on the 1st of April 2008, it covers the hospitalization expenditure of the poor people. According to the United Nations and International Labour Organization the scheme is one of the best 18 insurance schemes of the world. This article reviews the progress of the scheme, gender analysis, outpatient initiative by the scheme, new initiatives by the scheme, various issues in the implementation and suitable recommendations in the light of the study findings.

Present paper tries to introduce bigotry theory in Islam – based criminology and sociology and also its impacts on the emergence and extension of crimes. The necessity of such discussion is on the fact that abovementioned fields, there is no theory on the reasons of social and individual dysfunctions in Islamic viewpoint while in religious resources, numerous behaviors are criminalized. Another issue is that although all theories in mentioned fields seem different, a commonality is seen among them namely bigotry. This comprehensive theory involves are reasons mentioned in other theories. Besides, it is the positive aspect of such trait that controls behavior and should be recognized and fostered. Even, lawmakers criminalize its negative points and adopt other laws fro keep its positive dimensions. As a result, the definition of crime (“any behavior for which penalties is determined in the law” (article 2, Islamic Penal Code, 2011)) is to negate negative bigotry. If the law is based on religion, it is toward protecting human valid interests and if it is out of religion, it should consider the interests of all people.

This study examines staff development as veritable tool for Secondary school effectiveness in Rivers State. The study used a descriptive design. In all, 2 research questions and 2 null hypotheses were posed. The population of the study is 1200 teachers; this consists of 700 teachers drawn from public schools and 500 teachers that were drawn from the private schools. The sample of the study is 480 teachers making 40% of the total population. The collected data were first converted to means and further subjected to Z-test. The means were used to derive answers for the research questions, while the Z-test was used to test the hypotheses of the study at 0.05 level of significance. Findings are that: A significant difference exists between the public and private secondary school teachers of Rivers State in their mean opinion of the type of development programme that are available in Rivers State; there is no significant difference between the opinions of public and private school teachers on the problems of staff development programmes in Rivers State. The recommendations include that government should as a matter of necessity fund development programmes, and teachers should not be reluctant to participate in development programmes.

This paper discusses the plight of the writing spirit among African ruling political elites. This plight is historically situated and it is subjected to a comparative perspective. While it is not the view of the author that writing is always the most effective means that can be used by political leaders to communicate with the public, communicating with the public through writing is one of the useful information transferring tools that ought not to be ignored. Through a trend analysis, the paper observes that unlike most of first African heads of state and governments who were keen to academic writing most of contemporary African leaders have lost interest in writing, with only a handful of leaders still involved in academic scholarship. Some of the factors that are attributed to this decline include; lack of ideological backing, the growing sense of insecurity among political leaders, the transformation of ruling parties and the influence of financial donors, just to mention some.

This study is explaining the “Impact of the Private TV Channels Dramas on Females Fashion and Dressing” (A Case study of University of Sargodha Females students). Dramas generate a great effect on people that influence the segment of society and the whole. This study was designed to identify and estimate the female student’s viewers who belong to Sargodha University watching habits, interest, destroying cultural, and Imposing Indian trends in Pakistani society. This study also focused on attraction of dresses, postmodernism complex factors. These factors are presented by Express Entertainments, HUM TV and ARY Entertainments private TV channels. The survey research procedure was adopted. In this study universe was the (females) student of the University of Sargodha. Total 100 respondents were taken for the survey research. Drama is a more effective source of informing, educating, guiding & entertaining people. Findings of study shows that most of the female’s students watch Express entertainment channel (57%) much which is more as compared to (26%) somewhat and (17%) not at all. Across the selected age group the females’ students who are up to 25 in age watch Express entertainment channel (70%).which is much more than and the females’ students are above 25 watch Express entertainment channels (62%) so the significant difference has been observed. in term of selected education group the females students of Masters Class watch Express entertainment channel (59%) which is much more as compared to BS class of females students which are (52%). Graphical interpretation shows that up to 25 age and BS class females are attracted dresses which are presented by TV channels dramas. As well as both of them think that Private TV Channels dramas are promoting Indian cultural in Pakistani society. Along with this most of the female’s students are in favor that such types of dramas should be banned.

Driven by the desire to probe into the craze for Nigerian video films among youths, this study sets out to investigate the uses to which youths in the conflict-ridden Port Harcourt city put the social and environmental elements that are transmitted by Nigerian video films and the differential levels of gratifications that they derive from these film portrayals. To accomplish this objective, the thrust was on determining the influence of the environment, conflicts, time, setting and the ambience of a youth’s habitation, on video film usage and gratifications. Using the cluster sampling technique, a sample of 500 subjects was drawn from the population of youths across public Senior Secondary Schools and tertiary institutions in Port Harcourt city and Obio-Akpor LGAs of Port Harcourt metropolis, estimated to be over 40, 000, to participate in the study.The data gathered were analyzed with frequency tables and percentages, pie and bar charts, histogram and frequency polygon as well as chi-square. The findings show, among other things, that certain conflict situations in Port Harcourt were expected by the youths to be reflected in home video films; some social and environmental factors informed the preferences of youths in viewing home video films; the most important use and gratification of home video among Port Harcourt youths was entertainment and relaxation; Port Harcourt youths’ most preferred setting and time for watching films were the family and in the evening respectively; the youths’ places of residence determined their views on home video uses and gratifications; and that the setting of the youth’s exposure to films influenced their choice of films. The study concluded that the social milieu, conflict situations and the ambience of the youths’ habitation influenced their exposure to films. It was, therefore, recommended that since youths prefer watching films in the evenings with members of their family, parents and guardians should see these periods of watching films together as an auspicious avenue to propagate socially sanctioned values and proffer strong reasons against their exposing themselves to immoral and criminal transmissions. Key Words: Analysis, Nigerian youths, Social and environmental factors, Differential gratifications, Nigerian video films

The paper makes an assessment of the war against the heinous crime of human trafficking in Nigeria. The discourse considers human trafficking in the global perspective where it reveals that some countries in Africa, Asia, Europe & Americas are all involved in the illicit trade. Several reasons have been presented as causes of child or human trafficking which include poverty, unemployment, zeal to travel to Europe or America, parents’ persuasion, quest for materialism, naivety or ignorance, abuse of traditional method of fostering children etc. The effects of this unwholesome trade are so devastating on not only the victims but also on the society at large. Some of the effects include the deprivation of young women and children from acquiring skills needed for national development; it mares the image of the country; it enhances the orgy of ritual killings, contracting of killer diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and fatal accidents. The extent of the war against human trafficking has been discussed extensively. It includes the establishment of the Child Rights Act of 2003 amended 2005; the establishment of NAPTIP charged with the responsibility of enforcing laws against human trafficking; prescription of 10 years jail term for convicted traffickers, enlightenment programmes of NAPTIP, and the partnering with other countries as bilateral agreements to repatriate victims and support the fight. The police and law enforcement agents are also playing their part in the fight. Consequently, recommendations were made such as embarking on enlightenment programmes by government at all levels; enactment of more laws; job creation by establishing new industries and reactivating old ones; need to involve other agencies such Nigerian Immigration Services; stop such cultural practices that enhance child trafficking; and include human trafficking in the school curriculum. Key Words: Human trafficking, heinous crime, prostitution, illicit trade