Social Sciences

This study discusses skills of workers, especially educational attainment and technical and vocational training capacity and its relationship with wages in district Faisalabad. The analysis highlights the need to promote technical and vocational skills and education of labour force through greater investment on training programs so that male and female productivity could be increased. Education and vocational training of female needs to be increased in order to increase labour force participation rate of women in the district. Furthermore, education reforms especially in technical and vocational education are necessary which needs to be closely linked to the requirements of the domestic industry, service and agriculture sector in the district.

Salafiyah is a movement among muslims that has roots in the primary centuries after advent of islam. This movement strongly want to follow the exact behaviors of the primary muslims and is against any use of humans' ideas for obtaining ideas and orders of islam. that is because of that salafiyah considers the primary centuries of Islamic era as a golden era for islam and muslims .basics of this idea was constructed by ahl-al-hadith and then ahmad-ibn-hanbal .but the salafiyah mainly constructed by ibn-taymiyah.the construction that had been built by ibn-taymiyah was edited and brought to operation by mohammad-ibn-abdolwahhab.by using salafi ideas as an operating system ,wahhabis became able to establish three wahhabi governments one after another in the central Arabia and eventually they conquered the biggest part of Arabia politically and religiously and even penetrate in some other countries and it was the most important victory for salafiyah in its history to develop its ideas and politics.

Malaysia Education Development Plan from 2013 to 2025 is an educational transformation plan towards providing a 21st century education. Education is the spark of creativity and innovation generators that act as enablers to intellectual progress and humanity in tandem towards placing Malaysia row of other developed countries in the 21st century. In vibrant transformation Ministry of Education, the important thing to note is the extent to which awareness of school leaders in providing a 21st century education to transform the national education can be achieved successfully. The leadership style of some lecturers also affect the success of the educational preparation of the 21st century. The main focus of this study was to examine the awareness and knowledge of lecturers Living Skills Department, Institute of Teacher Education Campus Tun Hussein Onn, Batu Pahat, Johor as change agents in providing 21st century education. Conceptual framework is based on instructional leadership style. The study used qualitative interviews and observations involving respondents from lecturers of Life Skills at the Institute Teacher Education Campus Tun Hussein Onn.

Middle East has been the major special area for the three major monotheistic religions for its religiously geopolitical aspect. Apart from this, the emergence of the old prophets at this area and being a cradle for the first civilizations made the place more important. During 20th century this area is like a new homeland for the Jewish people who faced with great oppressions as it was before. The foundation of Israel after the World War II in this area, Arab people especially Palestinians began to feel the heat from it. After this, we will witness many movements that will protect Palestine from Israel. One the most important of these movements is the Al-Fath Organisation. Although its main motto is the independence of Palestine, by getting affected from the scholars who affected the Arab world a lot, they decided to both adapt a new position and got into political fights with other rival organisations. Therefore, their effect on both politics and Middle East increased considerably. Among all the ideologies and the changing conditions of history, Al-Fath tried to express its own ideals.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the school inputs in private primary schools in determining pupils’ examination performance. This was in relation to general lack of literature on school inputs in relation to performance in private primary schools in Kenya. The findings of this study showed that the quality of education and performance of pupils in examinations are determined by teacher experience, teacher qualification, the school environment, the head teacher and educational resources. The study provides a base for an evaluation of cost-effectiveness of different policies associated with school inputs aimed at improving the quality of education at primary school level. Parents and the public in general can also gain from the study; by gaining confidence in the private schools and the quality of education they provide.

The devolved system of governance should not instill a change dilemma in the Kenyan people. It is evident that devolution is likely to be met with resistance from leaders and other members. It is also evident that devolution may intensify inequalities among communities in Kenya since some regions have more natural resources endowed than others Devolution may also be a transfer of the evils committed at the central system of government like corruption and misappropriation of funds to devolved systems. Ultimately, leadership should embrace reducing change resistance methodologies of building trust in the people involved in devolution, discuss upcoming changes, avoid threats in initiating change and involves all stakeholders in implementation devolution for successful implementation of the new structure of governance. The national and county levels should embrace optimum utilization of natural and human resource, focused strategy planning, aggressive resource mobilization and financial planning management. In addition each level of government should exercise integrity and respect constitutional, functional status and government institutions at various levels. Finally, different levels of the devolved structure have an obligation to build on their strengths and opportunities while seeking to eliminate weakness found and boldly face their threats.

One of the important tasks of social helpers is empowerment of vulnerable groups. One of these vulnerable groups is female household heads. One of the practices that can help empowering of them is to encourage female household heads to financial independence. Entrepreneurship is something that can lead to financial independence of female household heads. Moreover, entrepreneurship can lead to better mental and social health of this vulnerable group. The first step in empowering female household heads through entrepreneurship is to identify their obstacles and entrepreneurship problems. Because by identification of these barriers it can be done more appropriate measures in order to empower them. So, the aim of the present study is to identify entrepreneurship barriers of female household heads covered by Welfare Organization in Tehran. The method of the current study is survey. The statistical population of this research is all female household heads covered by Welfare Organization in Tehran that 350 of them were selected randomly. In order to collect data in this research, researcher-built questionnaire was used. In this research, the face validity and content aspect of the questionnaire were confirmed and reliability coefficient was obtained 0.81 using Cronbach’s alpha indicating desirable reliability of research questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed through self-creativity and then data were analyzed using SPSS software. Among problems that women encountered with them, the first ten ones are respectively the loss of fund to begin a job, existence of strictly official rules, gender discrimination and ignoring the ability of women by the society and responsible organizations, ignoring women in management affairs, over-concern about paying back the loans, emphasis on having personal fund instead of borrowing it from others, loss of pawn in order to get a loan, lack of proper support by government and governmental organizations, few facilities to begin a job by sponsor organizations, and unsuitable behavior of some organizations due to promotion of male-dominating in the society that statistically meaningful difference in prioritizing of these barriers was seen (p<0.05). Considering the findings of the current research, the programs in order to support female household heads economically and special facilities for them can provide their entrepreneurship basis. Also, gender discriminations against women especially female household heads can be decreased through acculturating using media and national media. The findings of the current research can be useful for social helpers, sponsor organizations and policymakers in direction of empowering the female household heads.

Tropical timber trade has a vital part in the socio-economic improvement of Malaysia. It has been the main exporters of high quality tropical timber products to the world market. International trade in timber products is organized and structured by numerous trade dealings. There is increasing distress around the effect of non-tariff trade dealings on the global timber products sector. The goal of the study is to estimate the impacts of non-tariff trade hurdles to timber trade. The methodology employed in this study includes econometric analysis using spatial equilibrium model. The spatial equilibrium analysis uses a comprehensive econometric model, and the Timber Trade Model (TTM), based on the Price Endogenous Linear Programming System (PELPS) framework. The analysis started by a scenario from the year 2008, and the projections to 2020. The projections show that non-tariff barriers are created to be fewer common than tariffs but have comparable or better combined effects on trade, production, producer revenues, consumer expenditures and value added as tariffs. This study shows the importance of analysing non-tariff barriers to timber trade strategy and the necessity for enduring widespread trade liberalization.

This study investigate the attitude of parents towards female genital mutilation in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State The population for this study comprises all males and females in Etche Local Government Area of Rivers State. The sample size is 200 subjects selected through stratified random sampling technique. A self structured instrument titled Female Genital Mutilation Inventory (FGMI) was used. Three hypotheses were used in this study. An independent t-test was used to analysis the hypotheses. Findings were made as follows: (i) There is a noticeable difference in the attitude of Educated and non-educated parents towards female genital mutilation. Based on the findings recommendation and conclusion were made and implication for counselling was also carried out.

ESP research has gained interest as a field of research for two decades. The aim of this study was to design and test the efficacy of a vocabulary training program to improve English language learning of female students at Princess Norah University. The subjects of the study were 40 female pre-service teachers. The study was experimental in that it employed pre-test, training and post-test. Findings revealed that students in the experimental group performed better than those in the control group during the posttest. The proposed vocabulary training program is recommended to improve EFL students’ learning. The researcher concludes that while the program largely achieved its goals, the research has highlighted some areas for improvement. Based on the findings of the study several recommendations are forwarded.