Social Studies

Chhou dance and gymnastics are having almost the same pattern of movement demand same type of physical fitness components with the different objectives. Both the events required strength, speed, agility, flexibility, co-ordination, balance, rhythm etc. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to compare the physical fitness components between the Gymnasts and the Chhou dancers. Procedures: Total 50 subjects, 25 from each group about 16-20 years of age were considered as the subjects from the district Purulia of West Bengal. The measured criteria were agility and flexibility. Sit and reach test was considered for testing flexibility and SEMO agility test was taken for testing agility. Findings and conclusions: The result showed the significant difference in case of flexibility but the difference in case of agility was not significant. In both the cases the gymnasts showed better performances.

The paper examines the role of Oil Industry in the growth of urbanization in Rivers State. Concentration of oil industry in the Niger Delta with emphasis on Rivers State is as a result of its natural endowment in Oil and gas which leads to the influx of people into the area. Modernization theory as applied in the work explains the linkage between urbanization and oil industry. Despite the adverse effects of oil industry, the paper argues that its influence creates wealth through employment opportunities. Through urbanization, there is increase in crime rate, high cost of living, poor living condition, high unemployment rate and neglect of the traditional economy. To achieve the desired result in this work, primary and secondary sources were adopted. In view of the problems associated with oil industry and urbanization, the paper recommends that forty percent (40%) of the work force should come from the host communities. To decongest Port Harcourt city and its environs, the government and the management of oil industry operating in the state should endeavour to develop satellite towns in the local government areas. There should also be an enabling law to control high cost of living ravaging the state. 

Since modern society changes rapidly, styles of interpersonal communication changes as well. Of all, mobile phone plays a significant role in everyone’s daily life, becoming as the most popular communication tool. This study explored the use of mobile phones and its impact on interpersonal relationship among youth in Lahore. The study used the theoretical frameworks of “uses and gratifications” approach from media studies. The main objective of the study was to examine the overall impact of mobile phone and determine the role mobile phones are playing in effecting interpersonal relationship and gender differences. Data was collected through survey comprised 50 young adults (ageing 16 to 30 years) in Lahore. Quantitative analysis of the data revealed that there is strong relationship between mobile phone usage and interpersonal relationship. Continuous use of mobile phone negatively effect on youth and distort the relationship with their families and close friends. Study found that there were gender differences in the use of cell phones by young people. Further, males use more cell phone rather than the females.

The present research is aimed to discover the skeletal and social measures and principles affecting the formation of collective memories in urban designing and to scrutinize and examine them compared to Shemiranat Gateway. In old cities, the gateways were considered as a place for passage but by emersion of modernity, progress of technology, increase in the speed of human beings’ movement, ease of access and development of communications, and replacing the old transportation vehicles by new automobiles, the form and shape of the cities and towns, too, underwent remarkable changes. The change in the skeleton of the cities caused some functions such as the gateways to be forgotten and lose their spatial concept, so new concepts emerged proportionate to the needs of the modern cities. The city’s entrance point was replaced by the suburban areas; and the middle space between the inside and outside of the city was expanded so much that it went beyond the human perception. But the concept of passage still remained in the minds and the difference between “here” and “there” didn’t fade despite the change in the concept of distance compared to its old form. By breakdown of the hedges, the skeleton of the city entrances and gateways have changed but their location still reminds the citizens’ collective memories and can provoke the people’s memories. The method of the present research is based on logical reasoning which, first, introduces the urban space and middle spaces and recognizes their relationship through the documentary studies and, then, extracts the measures and factors which affect the formation and maintenance of the collective memories on the city’s entrance area with regard to the existing challenges in any area; it ultimately suggests solutions, appropriate to the 21st century human’s needs, under three issues, that is passage, presence, and crisis management, in order to reinforce the above-mentioned factors.

Reading is one of the most important skills in second language learning. This is especially true at the tertiary level because it secures success in academic learning and facilitates in other parts of language learning (Carrell, 1989). However, teaching reading is somewhat complicated as reading is an intricate and complex cognitive process itself. In Malaysia, the issue of non-proficient graduates in the English language is continually being debated, which implies that the students are not well-prepared to cope with academic literacy (David & Govindasamy, 2006; Pandian, 2000). Along the same line, a growing body of research suggests that the beliefs, attitudes, expectations and perceptions of pre-service teachers should be highly addressed (Pajares, 1992; Young, 1998; Kagan, 1992). Thus, the present study seeks to explore the self-perceptions of the undergraduates of a Teaching English as a Second Language (TESL) program, as readers and also as future teachers of ESL reading. It is hoped that through this study, a better understanding of the perceptions can be obtained so as to increase the quality of new teachers entering the world of teaching. It is assumed that those students who possess positive self-perceptions as readers will also have positive self-perceptions to become reading teachers.

The present study is an attempt to provide evidence for the Self-Teaching Hypothesis according to which phonological recoding supports learners’ achieving word recognition skills and keeping in mind the connections amongst pronunciation, spelling, and meaning of new words in reading. For this purpose, 46 Iranian EFL learners (2 classes of 12 to 15 years old) were randomly selected. These learners were given 6 to 8 sentence long texts and in each text an unknown vocabulary item was underlined and repeated 2 times. Participants in the experimental condition were asked to read the text silently but the underlined word aloud and those in the control condition were asked to read the text (including the new words) silently. After this experiment learners were tested on text recall, spelling, and meaning of new words. The results show significant gains for the experimental group on spelling and meaning of new words. Pedagogical implications of this finding will be discussed at the end.

As is known that cable car is functioning all over the world adding lot of money. It opens with the brief scenario of tourism in world, India and in Jammu and Kashmir. Tourism and cable car are interrelated if we look from tourism point of view; it is cable car by which there went great boom in flow of tourism in world. We have examples of many countries like Switzerland, Austria, and Canada etc. which use cable car as an additional product to attract tourists at their destinations. They use cable car for lifting adventure tourists during winter activities at higher snow capped peaks to enjoy skiing and other touristic activities. The business of cable car is so much profitable, that every country is trying to start its projects at large scale. Our main objective of this study in Jammu and Kashmir state cable corporation (JKSCCC) is to know about the working of JKSCCC and its role in Jammu and Kashmir tourism.

Based on the increasing demand of in-service training today and the importance of induction, preparation, and professional development of teachers, this article draws the meaning of this kind of education in the field of human capital development. In recent years, policy makers have come to this conclusion that increasing the capacity of teachers by pre-service or in-service training is the only hope for developing the human capital potentiality. Then it refers to one of developing countries, Iran, to modify the application of this branch of education and training in the target educational system.

Code switching is defined as the practice of selecting or altering linguistic elements so as to contextualize talk in interaction (Nilep,2006). The main purpose of this study is to investigate and closely examine the role and the effects of code-switching on material learning in a classroom context and also students' attitudes towards this linguistic phenomenon. For this purpose, the students’ notes, which were taken from the teachers’ speech, were studied and then their written notes were analyzed qualitatively with a focus on code switching. Then, the questionnaire was distributed among participants to investigate their attitudes. According to the quantitative and qualitative data analysis obtained from the questionnaire –distributed among 60 participants – and the interview, code switching during delivering materials was completely helpful to the students' learning and also it helped them to remember better for their exams.

Addiction to alcohol is a general phenomenon that affects communities as a whole, and is one of the intractable problems that governments and institutions are trying address. This study used analytical method based on qualitative data collection and analysis tried to explain the concept of addiction and alcohol, and the role of the Sunnah in the treatment of addiction to alcohol through Islamic laws that prevent Muslims from approaching intoxicants. The most interesting findings of this study is that differences in the names of alcohol do not negate its prohibition; the little of what intoxicates in large quantity is also forbidden. Islam has certainly established rules to prevent people from approaching alcohol. Islam did not begin to resolve the problem of alcohol addiction through punishment, but identified the causes that lead Muslims to alcohol addiction, and then addressed those causes in order to prevent Muslims from being addicted to alcohol.