Social Studies

Since the evolution of mankind on this earth, water bodies act as a source of attraction for human settlement due to diverse facilities provided by it. The facilities like habitat, food, connectivity, strategic importance etc. provided by water bodies attracted human being in the past to settle near it. The wetlands in India play an important role in human life due to their scenic beauty and ecological importance. The Mansar wetland in Jammu and Kashmir has its own importance in terms of livelihood and sustainability for the inhabitants residing nearby. Despite being a source of pilgrimage as well as other type of tourism due to its religious and scenic beauty, this wetland also has its ecological importance due to its diverse flora and fauna. The influx of tourist for different purposes makes it a good source of income for many local inhabitants. The economic importance of wetland attracts many people from nearby to settle near the wetland. Looking at the multifarious benefits and importance of the wetland, the present study has been done to find out the dependence of local for their livelihood; efforts of various agencies to develop the tourism structure, and the present problems prevailing there. The present study is primarily based on primary sources of data and collected data was assessed to draw the conclusion based on identified objectives.

An examination of the orientalists' (1860-1977) opinions gives in four different views on the Qur’?n collection time: John Burton believes that the collection of the Qur’?n occurred in the prophet Mu?ammad's lifetime. Friedrich Schwally claims that the Qur’?n was collected during the ‘Uthm?n's time. In Paul Casanova and Alfones Mingana's viewpoint, the Qur’?n was collected during ‘Abd al-Malik's era following ?ajj?j b. Y?suf's order. Finally, John Wansbrough believes that the collection of the Qur’?n was carried out in the early third century AH. From among these opinions, Burton's view can been accepted, not on the basis of the reasons he has underscored in his research, but rather, due to the intellectual, historical, narrative, and qur’?nic principles that some Muslim scholars have put forth.

To know Direct and indirect effect of different variables in individual changes of SHG members, the path analysis has been applied. For this purpose the data have been collected from Dharwad district, Karnataka state. It is evident that variable can have only direct effect, only indirect effect on a dependent variable or variables. To archive this, the path analysis was applied. Which reveals that the four independent variables are found to be statistically significant and Direct effect on Individual changes of SHG members.

This research was carried out to examine the Impact of recruitment policies and procedures on the performance of civil service, (A study of the Nigerian Television Authority towards the effectiveness or efficiency of the present civil service compared to the past, Consequent upon this, the organization is realizing its goals and objectives which form the primary aims for establishing the company However if is recommended that the company should maintain her training policy and the establishment of its own educational in-door programmes. There should be creation of work-study section in all the departments of the organization which could enhance on the spot identification of problems for correction. Also staff motivation should be encouraged to enable them put their best. Recognition of the above is essential because great management ideas are strictly arm chair until a manager puts them into effect through manpower planning.

Teaching of English is a profession. There are certain aspects that are very important to be considered for the teaching of English as ESL/EFL/ESP etc. The professional effectiveness becomes more demanding especially in a situation which is not very conducive to the teaching of English for the speakers of other languages than English. The case of Arab countries in general and Saudi Arabia in particular falls under the same category. The pedagogic significance of Lesson planning has always been debated for a very long time. It is believed if a specific lesson is planned the results are expected to be far better. The present paper will explore certain theoretical as well practical issues related to the lesson planning as a strategy for the teaching of Reading (ENGLISH).

Teaching is a noble concept, and it is highly respected in the society. It is a social process that is basically derived from philosophy despite the fact that Philosophy is always confused with a farfetched idea or a metaphysical conceit, however, it is very simple to understand. There is no denying the fact that it is not every body’s cup of tea. Yet everyone has a specific philosophy that determines his course of action in life. In other words, every human being has a philosophy which he has and tries to live with. Teachers are supposed to do some noble work in order to bring societal change to deal with the modern need of the fast changing time. It will simply not be possible unless they possess some noble thoughts. These ides or thoughts are nothing but their philosophy. Philosophy of life can further be categorized into sub philosophies. Philosophy of teaching is one of them. In educational system, many educational philosophers are taught, and each future teacher or practicing teacher has a liking for a particular philosopher or educationist. In sum, philosophy of teaching determines every activity or action of a teacher starting from objectives, discipline, teaching style, management, curriculum, evaluation etc. Teaching of English is perhaps more important than any other subject because it plays the role of international communication, global business, medium of instruction, examination and language of science-technology and medicine. Therefore, the teachers of English language must have social values and incorporate philosophical considerations while teaching the target learners.

Meritocracy values undergrid the ideology of democracy and identifies the core belief that a) individuals can succeed on the basis of their autonomous decisions and actions; b) this success is based upon moral virtue; and c) equal opportunity applies to everyone regardless of origin or social identity. Meritocracy is generally held to be a social system within which individuals earn rewards according to their abilities and efforts.

The aim of the research is to assess the level of awareness of indoor radon gas and its deleterious health effects to the population when accumulated over long periods. 100 questionnaires were distributed among subjects in the study area (Sakumono) out of which 87 were returned. These questionnaires were randomly distributed without recourse to any particular pattern, as the study area was composed of majority elite. The questionnaires sought to elicit information such as; type of house, type of ventilation system practiced, familiarity with radon gas, response to health threats, type of flooring, etc which subjects responded to. 42 out of the 87 respondents were males and 45 were females, which accounted for 48.3% and 51.7% respectively. 82.8% of the respondents had no knowledge of radon gas whereas only about 17.2% responded to having some knowledge of radon gas. By projection, it could be inferred that radon gas awareness in the entire country is shallow, thus this initial survey was intended to extend to cover other parts of the country. Focus group discussions also indicated that, most respondents were concerned about common preventive health behaviours (not smoking, excessive alcohol abuse, cleanliness etc) rather that radon gas preventive attitudes and behaviours. It was therefore concluded that the survey has in a way engendered more concern about health-specific information seeking attitudes among the subjects, not only about radon gas.

In Sub-Saharan Africa, women engaged in small scale farming are believed to produce about 80% of crops used in feeding their families. This study was carried out to determine socio-economic factors influencing level of participation of rural women in crop farming in Kakelo Location, Homa Bay County, Kenya. Levels of participation in crop farming were determined with respect to farming activities in which the respondents participated such as land preparation, planting, weeding, pest and disease control, harvesting and storage. The level of participation was determined on a scale of 0 (“no participation”) to 4 (“full participation.”). The study was done using descriptive cross-sectional design involving stratified cluster sampling method to select participants. A sample size of 288 women among a population of 17 812 in the study area was interviewed using questionnaires. Chi-square test was used to establish association between socioeconomic factors and level of participation. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study found out that only 21.2% of the respondents reported full participation in crop farming. Women with formal employment reported highest level of 41.7% full participation (X2=0.69, P=0.79). Also, acquisition of education, at least up to high school, improved the level of participation of the women in crop farming (X2=32.92, P=0.00). Education and formal employment increased the women’s access to credit and technical information, which improved level of crop farming. Acreage of cultivated farmland did not appear to have any significant association with level of participation in crop farming. The study revealed that out of the 288 respondents, none of them had ever received any agricultural extension service within the location in the last five years. In conclusion, the fact that only 21.2% of the respondents in Kakelo Location, Homa Bay County, Kenya, reported full participation in crop farming indicated dismal contribution by majority women to improvement of household food security. Therefore, it is recommended that more effort should be put into increasing level of rural women participation in crop farming.

The word "Inyenzi”, which is a Kinyawanda word for cockroaches, came into political lexicon in Rwanda following the Revolution of 1959 in that East Central African nation. Following that Revolution, a hitherto politically dominant ethnic fraction of a broadly homogeneous population - the Tutsi, lost its status to an erstwhile dominated group - the Hutu. Consequent upon this scenario, and in order to escape state-sponsored persecution, the Tutsi fanned out in different directions into the countries of the Great Lakes region - Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, DR. Congo. From these countries of asylum, Tutsi refugees began to carry out sporadic raids into Rwanda, in an effort to get even with the authorities, but more ostensibly to forcibly re-enter Rwanda and re-assume its former dominant position. The now dominant Hutu ethnicity responded by referring to them as cockroaches, so as to encourage not just disdain and hatred for them from the larger society, but a murderous pre-disposition, much like the natural human disposition toward cockroaches. It is the extent to which this contextualizes the denial of justice and human dignity that this paper seeks to determine. The paper also evaluates the consequences of this exercise for peace and development in the Great Lakes region of Africa.