Social Sciences

Dynamism pumps the blood to the body of society; therefore, the dynamic and communicative nature of language can not only be considered integral in teaching, but also in assessing a language. Recently, all over the world traditional ways of assessment are trading place with more communicative ones. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate whether dynamic and formative assessment had significantly different impact on improving the listening skills of Iranian EFL Learners. To do so, 90 intermediate male and female learners from a language school in Tehran were elected. A piloted PET was administered as homogeneity test and 60 learners were selected as the participants and randomly assigned into two groups of thirty. To make sure that there is no statistically significant difference between the performances of the two groups in the beginning of the research a listening pretest of PET was administered in both experimental groups. In one group dynamic assessment, through teaching metacognitive strategies, was administered on learners' listening skills, while the other group's listening skill was assessed formatively. After fourteen sessions a posttest of PET was administered for both groups. The evaluation of the findings showed that the dynamically assessed group outperformed the formative one.

The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of yogic practice and aerobic exercise on selected Physical and physiological variables among overweight school boys. To achieve this purpose, forty five overweight school boys from various schools in Tiruchirappalli district were selected at random. Their age ranged between 14 and 17. The selected subjects were randomly divided into three equal groups of 15 each, namely yogic practice group (group A), Aerobic exercise (group B) and control group (group C). The experimental group had undergone yogic practices and aerobic exercise for 12 weeks, five days a week and daily one session only in the morning, duration of session one hour, whereas the control group (group C) maintained their daily routine activities and no special training was given. Physical variable namely flexibility and physiological variable breath holding time were chosen as variables for this study. The subjects of the three groups were tested using standardized tests and procedures on selected physical and physiological variables before and after the training period. The following test items namely sit and reach and breath holding time were used to collect relevant data. The collected data were analyzed statistically through analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) to find out the pre and post training performances. To compare the significant difference between the adjusted final means and better group. The yogic practice and aerobics exercise showed significant improvement due to 12 weeks of training on flexibility and breath holding time compared to control group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the instructional practices used among teachers and students in teaching Citizenship Education through History and Government at the secondary school level. The study adopted qualitative research with a multiple case study design. Data was collected using Observation schedules, interview schedule and focus group discussion guide. Data was analyzed using grounded theory and constant comparative technique. The finding of the study revealed the domination of classroom activities over outdoor activities. The study recommends for a curriculum review to introduce competence learning that will enhance the use of both classroom and outdoor activities.

Mechanical low back pain is one of the major 21st century adversity, and 2nd leading cause of disability. Back pain is a common health problem, with more than 50% of adults bothered by it each year and 70% to 80% of adults afflicted by it at some time in their lives. Yoga offers a holistic approach to health and is now considered a form of mind-body medicine within complementary and alternative medicine. Physiotherapists are beginning to recognize yoga as a form of treatment for musculoskeletal and cardio respiratory conditions. The objective of the study was to compare effectiveness of yoga and exercise therapy in the management of mechanical low back pain. Total 60 subjects with mechanical low back pain were devided in to two groups. Yoga group and exercise group. Yoga group underwent yogic counselling, asanas, and instant relaxation technique and exercise group underwent educational talk, strengthening exercises, and supine rest. Subjects evaluated for disability and flexibility with Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire and sit and reach box test respectively. Data was collected at baseline and at 4th& 8th week. Yoga and exercise therapy both showed a significant reduction in disability and improvement in back flexibility. Yoga and exercise therapy both are effective in the management of mechanical low back pain.

The purpose of this paper was to explore the link between student co-curricular activity and graduate employability. In an increasingly competitive graduate labor market, the potential benefits of students engaging in co-curricular activities to aid personal growth and development, build CVs and obtain a greater competitive advantage in the job market, appear increasingly attractive. This paper studies the relationship between co-curricular activities and graduate employability through literature review. However, there was a lack of evidence to demonstrate whether students’ participation in co-curricular activities increased their employment prospects.

Inequality along with poverty has been a serious challenge for most of the developing and even in some developed countries. There have been several historical, political, social and economic dimensions of the inequalities. However, reducing income and other inequalities have not been given adequate importance in the development agenda of the successive governments. Besides income inequality, other dimensions of inequality includes; gender, b) region, c) economic class, d) social identity, e) health and f) education, etc. which fuels vicious cycles of poverty and inequality in the country. The present study provides a detailed analysis of the non-income inequality at National, Provincial and District level in Pakistan. The analysis shows that the gaps between the haves and have-nots have been continuously widening. Inequality of economic opportunities leads to inequality of economic outcomes. The distributional inequality has not been given much importance in Pakistan and the distributional policy measures like direct taxes have been weak. As a result, the direct tax to GDP ratio could not be increased over 10 percent in the country.

This study appraised the current approach, methodology and reporting standards of real estate valuation in Nigeria. Primary data were sourced through structured questionnaires administered to practitioners in Lagos metropolis, while secondary data were mainly from valuation reports prepared by valuers (appraisers) operating within the study area and documents from the regulatory bodies. Using the yardstick of transparency, rationality and consistency - the universal hallmarks of reliable asset pricing; and the International Valuation Standards Committee’s as well as the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors’ recommended “minimum content of valuation report”, the study revealed that the real estate valuation practice in the country presently falls short of international standards and best practices. While acknowledging remedial steps that were recently put in place, the study recommended other measures that will revolutionize the local practice. These include formation of bigger firms, a more proactive regulatory framework and a comprehensive review of training curricular. Substantial amendments to the present national valuation standards and guidance notes to reflect and accommodate the peculiarity and the particular needs of the local market place with adequate measures for enforcement/sanctions should also be considered. Above all, practitioners must be willing to embrace necessary changes in practice.

This paper explores the features of the domestic child workers in Bangladesh and then addresses the responses of the governmental initiatives. It aims at analyzing the situation of domestic child workers and then discussing the current initiatives of the government with its limitations, and finally provides some suggestions for way out. The paper argues that the government responses are very inadequate in the light of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) in Bangladesh. This way, the paper contributes a dynamic and multi-dimensional understanding of how the government combating domestic child workers’ issue for securing their bright future.

In the present scenario of changing social structures, social values, and globalization, feeling of loneliness is becoming a serious problem among adolescents which may impact their well-being. The present study is evaluated the loneliness of single born male and female among college students. The researcher sample of 60 adolescents was selected from college in chennai city all are eligible participants of 30 males and 30 females. Each participant assessed with Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (1980). The data were analyzed using "t" test. Results revealed that there is a significant different between male and female single born among adolescence.

The purpose of this work is to study the influence of the age, ear side and gender on the distortion product Otoacoustic emission for normal hearing subjects. The decision about whether a Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission is present often depends on a visual assessment of the response along with certain objective criteria, such as DP1 level dB and SNR dB SPL (signal to Noise Ratio). DPOAEs were considered present when the signal was at least 3 dB above the corresponding noise level. In the present study, the overall SNR for each tested ear was more than 3 dB SPL at the overall frequency bands. The findings from this study revealed an age, ear asymmetry and gender effect on the DPOAEs (DP1 level dB) for all subjects groups. Right ears were found to produce higher DPOAEs (DPI level dB) than left ears and The DPOAEs (DP1 level dB) in the females was higher than that in males and also (DPI Level dB) in group I (2-10) years was higher than that in other groups, in group II (11-20) years (DPI Level) was higher than in groups III&IV and in groups III (DPI Level dB) was higher than that in group IV. The results show the minimum and the maximum value of the whole Distortion Product (DP1 Level) recorded for all tested (212) ear was (-3.65dB) and (20.39dB) respectively over frequency bands 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz.