Social Studies

The purpose of the study was to establish the determinants of poverty in Hodan district in Mogadishu, Somalia. Specifically, the study was necessary to address the following specific objectives that is, To examine the effect of the dependency ratio on poverty in Somalia, To find out the effect of savings on poverty in Somalia, and To investigate the effect of Human Capital on poverty in Somalia. Poverty of Somalia has been a long term recurring problem. Somalia faces a number of major obstacles to development: civil conflict, the lack of a fully functioning central government, and natural calamities such as drought and floods. In addition, the ongoing armed struggle has often prevented much-needed humanitarian assistance from reaching the population. The prominent ones being absence of an active central government, civil disputes, natural calamities like floods and droughts. Poverty in Somalia has increased manifold since 1990. The researcher was used a descriptive survey design method for the study. Survey design is a design in which data is collected using questionnaires. The population of settlers in Hodan district is 114,348 hence the researcher will use Cochran?s formula to yield a representative sample for the proportions. The study was selected a sample of 384 respondents from the different households in Hodan district in Banadir region, Somalia. In getting the sample size, the researcher will use Cochran?s formula to yield a representative sample for the proportions. The researcher will employ percentages and frequencies to analyze the results of questionnaire using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS-20). Average dependency due to the high population is high in developing countries in which labour productivity would be low because of inadequate nutritional food, health and education. The last statement on the relationships between poverty and family dependency was whether the personal savings income can lead to a lower level of personal poverty, this aspect was intended to examine the savings of the individual?s role on poverty reducing efforts as the respondents. The conclusions were based on the objectives of the study that determinant of poverty in Hodan distract Mogadishu –Somalia. The result showed the high dependency ratio has facilitated limited or low access to university education among household members causing unemployment in the country. As a result of the massive unemployment, the youth are left with few options for survival but migration or joining armed groups as the alternative for gaining a decent standard of living. The study recommends the adoption of objectives of the study that determinant of poverty in Hodan distract Mogadishu –Somalia. The researcher recommending that Somali Government decrease the unemployment issues because will increase the poverty that would lead money violence and insecurity problems.

This study was conducted to investigate the factors that contribute towards the turnover intention of teachers of private sector schools of Sargodha division. For this purpose several factors of satisfaction i.e. security, nature of work, working condition, colleagues (integration), principal, students, recognition, social status and promotion are considered because these are the main factors which increase or decrease the turnover intention of teachers. Data was collected through paper and pencil technique from various private schools of Sargodha division. Pearson correlation and zero order correlation were used to test the hypotheses. Only four factors i.e. principal, promotion, pay and working conditions were proved to have a strong negative relationship with turnover intention.

Skill development is an important driver to address poverty reduction by improving employability, productivity and helping sustainable enterprise development and inclusive growth. It facilitates a cycle of high productivity, increased employment opportunities, income growth and development. However, this is just one factor among many affecting the productivity whose measurement differs for individuals, enterprise and economy. The increase in productivity could be due to availability of skilled & healthy manpower; technological up gradation and innovative practices; and sound macroeconomic strategies. The manifestations of improved productivity can be in the form of improvement in real gross domestic product (economy), increased profit (enterprises) and higher wages (workers). In this study, an attempt has been made to conceptually analyse the skill development process in India and the agencies involved in its promotion.

Ditch cutting samples of organic rich intervals (Nkporo, Mamu, Nsukka and Imo formations) in Anambra basin from Oda River-1 and Anambra River-2 wells were subjected to Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Rock-eval Pyrolysis analyses to evaluate their organic matter richness, organic matter type and thermal maturity. The samples comprised of shales, siltstones, lignites and claystones. The shales are dark coloured and moderately indurated with carbonaceous silt and dolomite stringers. The siltstones are fine to medium grained and dark grey to brown in colour. The lignites are grey to black coloured, medium grained, moderately hard to brittle and occurred as stringers. The claystones are grey coloured and medium grained. The TOC and Pyrolysis derived S2 results of the samples are 0.98-4.71 wt. % and 0.12-5.39 mg/g, respectively indicating poor to excellent source rocks. Hydrogen Index, Tmax, Genetic potential and measured vitrinite reflectance are 9-114 mg/g, 424 -471oC, 0.13-5.67 mg/g rock, and 0.41-0.88, respectively. Rock-eval data from the two wells indicated predominantly kerogen type IV kerogen with subordinate gas prone kerogen type III organic matter. Mamu Formation samples dominated kerogen type III and were abundant in Anambra River-2 well. Most samples from Anambra River-2 well are thermally mature while fewer samples from Oda River-1 well are thermally mature for hydrocarbon generation. However, majority of kerogen type III in Anambra River-2 well contained inert carbon.

This study was conducted to investigate the perceptions of male and female students about effects of use of Information and Communication Technology. The research study was a descriptive in its nature. The targeted population was the male and female students of the public sector universities. The purposive sampling technique was used to gather data from the faculty of social sciences of two public sector universities. Data were collected by administering a questionnaire that based on Likert- five point scales. The data were tabulated, analyzed and interpreted. The Chi Square and Mean score were applied to analyze the data. Present study showed the results that Role of Information Communication and Technology is very important to improve learning. Both type of respondents agreed that ICT is an agent of change. Information and Communication Technology helps to integrate the learning and technology. Information and Communication Technology enhances communication ability in students.

This article analyses the influence of the combined effect of the internal (IOE) and external (EOE) operating environments on the accuracy of performance forecasting (APF) in large manufacturing firms (LMFs) in Kenya. The objective of this study was to assess if the combined effect of the operating environments precipitated any change in any of the measures of APF. Against the backdrop of internal management conflicts of interest and exogenous events, poor forecasting in LMFs is commonplace. However, in recent times, LMFs have tended to hire skilled forecasting personnel. This study therefore, assumes that the qualified forecasting staff ensures accuracy in preparing future budgets. Both IOE and EOE are said to influence the performance of manufacturing operations. The study identified IOE and EOE influencers of firm performance and tested these against critical measures of APF. To isolate statistical significance of results, regression analysis was applied using data collected through a structured questionnaire administered among randomly selected LMFs. Results indicated that there was evidence that the combined effect of IOE and EOE had a moderating influence on APF through ROS when objective forecasting was applied, and through EV when combination forecasting was used.

The study was retrospective and cross-sectional study where hospital records were accessed to establish patient-nurse ratio in relation to deliveries conducted monthly between 2011 and 2015 to establish staff workload. 167 nurses were engaged with the aim of determining psychosocial risk factors, prevalence and effects on maternal care outcomes at selected level 4 and 5 private and government health facilities in Mombasa County through a modified Copenhagen Psychosocial questionnaire. Cluster sampling was used to pick hospitals on the basis of levels; stratified sampling to identify the respondents; and systematic sampling to determine every Kth staff involved in the study. Data analysis was done using SPSS package, whose findings indicate that patient/nurse ratio was higher in Government Hospitals compared to private hospitals accounting for approximately 1:4 and 1:3 respectively. Generally, majority of the respondents had a positive perception about their work environment despite 66.9% perceiving to a large extent that their work was emotionally demanding, 80.9% their work exposed them to undue pressure/demands from their patients and relatives and only 58.6% felt somewhat or to a small extent motivated and involved. Due to this perception about current work environment, 70% of the respondents considered looking for work elsewhere with only 22.9% willing to remain working in their respective work places. Further analysis indicated that work environment influenced by 65.8% the decision to change jobs due to lack of motivation and failure to involve them in decision making. This perception, however, differed across private and GoK hospitals, male and female, and across the different age brackets.

The present study aims to investigate the relationship of oil, non-oil exports, capital formation and economic growth in Iran. Empirical results show that there is positive significant relationship between these variables and economic growth. Thus, findings of this study recommend that government should create an enabling environment that would facilitate non-oil exports and augment capital formation.

Developing countries lack proper segregation practices leading to biomedical waste management. (Muhwezi, 2014). This has led to accidental injections with contaminated syringes causing 21 million hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections, 2 million hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, and 260,000 HIV infections globally(HCWMP 2016-2021). The aim of this study was to assess the biomedical waste handling practices amongst healthcare workers in Mombasa County hospitals. Cross-sectional study design, stratified random. Data collection instrument were structured questionnaire and observational charts. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 22 where comparison of mean by ANOVA was used to test significance of the results at 0.05 significant levels. Despite having knowledge on segregation and risks of exposure to biomedical waste 71.1%(1.17±0.157) of the respondents were exposed to biomedical hazards, sanitary staff(15.6% (2.11±0.123))of the respondents were less educated ( certificate the highest level) and lacked key information on biomedical waste guidelines of precautionary principle and government strategic plan on hospital waste management. 42.2 %( 1.21±0.091) of the respondents lacked adequate supply of color-coded waste containers leading to mixing of biomedical waste. 36.7 %( 1±0.00) of the respondents were informed of government medical waste management plan while 63.3% (1.14±0.46) had no idea P=0.277(>0.05). In conclusion, waste handling practices in Mombasa sub county hospitals are inadequate in relation to WHO,2014 guidelines due to deficient segregation and handling equipment and low level of awareness. I therefore recommend the review of the current waste management program and development of a more proactive approach that will ensure adequate supply of waste handling equipments and improve awareness on proper handling practices.

Financial crisis have led to sharp fluctuations of China’s foreign trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), which in no doubt exert a profound influence on the stabilizing effect of China’s economic growth. As trade and FDI are the primary impetuses of China’s economic growth, will this kind of growth effect fall dramatically during financial crisis? Utilizing data on China’s 36 industrial sectors, this paper conducts panel data regressions in terms of two stages - periods before and after financial crisis, and in terms of classification on the different degree of revealed comparative advantage(RCA). The result shows that financial crisis doesn’t weaken the economic growth effect of trade and FDI; instead, it strengthen the high efficiency of trade and FDI firms and the crowding out effect on other firms; In the group with higher RCA, the direct economic promotion of trade and FDI is stronger in post-crisis period than that in pre-crisis period, while in the group with lower RCA, the result is totally reversed. It demonstrates that financial crisis strengthens the efficiency advantage and resource reallocation effect of trade and FDI. From this point, the steady growth of trade and FDI is more important than enlarging domestic demand and investment to the stabilizing effect of economic growth.